Meike Grosse

How organic farmers practice conservation agriculture in Europe

The interest of organic farmers in adopting conservation agriculture principles, including minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover and crop rotation has been growing since the early 2000s. However, currently there is no network for organic farmers practicing conservation agriculture, and a lack of knowledge on how organic farmers implement conservation agriculture in practice. Consequently, few technical references are available for organic farmers when they start applying conservation agriculture practices, in particular on controlling weeds without the use of herbicides. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to explore the diversity of conservation agriculture techniques (i.e., reduced tillage, no-tillage and green manures) practiced among European farmers, and (2) to identify farmers’ main strategies for implementing conservation agriculture and the agronomic and environmental factors that determine these strategies. Strategies were identified by analyzing survey results on: (1) the type and degree of use of conservation agriculture practices by farmers, and (2) the effects it produces in terms of soil disturbance and soil cover (low, medium and high). We carried out a survey of 159 European organic farmers and collected 125 data sets on management of winter-sown crops. Among the conservation agriculture practices, reduced tillage was used by 89%, no-tillage by 27% and green manure by 74% of the 159 interviewed farmers. Green manures were more frequently used in northern Europe than in the south (below 45°N). Most of the farmers used crop rotations, with a mean duration of 6 years. A wide diversity of conservation agriculture practices were used, with farmers rarely using all three techniques (no-till, reduced till and green manures) within one system. The range of practices was grouped into five strategies ranging from intensive non-inversion tillage without soil cover to very innovative techniques with no-tillage and intercrops. The five strategies for conservation agriculture could be grouped into two larger categories based on weed control approach: (1) intensification of the mechanical work without soil inversion or (2) biological regulation of weeds with cover crops. The diversity of strategies identified in this study shows that organic farmers use innovative approaches to implement conservation agriculture without herbicides. This studys findings will help organic farmers to experiment with innovative practices based on conservation agriculture principles and also benefit conventional farmers who use conservation agriculture practices and would like to reduce or eliminate the use of herbicides.

Organic farmers’ motivations and challenges for adopting conservation agriculture in Europe

Conservation agriculture and organic farming are considered as promising sustainable agricultural system for producing food, while minimizing environmental impacts. Despite an increasing number of experimental data on organic conservation practices and various studies dealing with the adoption of conservation agriculture by farmers, none of those studies have specifically addressed conservation agriculture adoption under organic conditions in Europe. We carried out a survey with 159 farmers located in 10 European countries. These farmers had applied at least two of the following conservation practices: (i) no-tillage, (ii) reduced tillage and (iii) green manures. Each farmer assessed socio-economic, agronomic and environmental motivations and problems for each conservation practice, using a Likert scale. For each conservation practice, we ranked motivations and problems and carried out a principal component analysis, followed by clustering to identify groups of farmers. Independent of the conservation practices, the most important motivations were related to soil fertility preservation and challenges were mainly linked to crop management, machinery and yield performances. For all conservation practices, we identify three groups of farmers that shared the same type of motivations and challenges across Europe: “soil conservationists,” “agro-technically challenged farmers,” and “indifferent farmers.” Soil conservationist farmers were strongly motivated by soil preservation and minimizing environmental impacts. Agro-technically challenged farmers mainly expressed agronomic problems and challenges. There were no clear effects of location or farm characteristics explaining these attitudes, but they depended on farmers’ environmental concerns and beliefs. The study demonstrated that research priorities should address agronomic problems caused by the adoption of conservation practices in organic farming, weed control in particular.

Wirkung von reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung und Gründüngung im Ökologischen Landbau auf den Beikrautbesatz

Reduzierte Bodenbearbeitung und Grundungung haben das Potenzial, Anbausysteme im Okologischen Landbau weiter zu verbessern, wenn sie an die spezifischen Bedingungen des Okologischen Landbaus angepasst werden. Ein Ziel des europaischen Forschungsprojektes „TILMAN ORG“ (www.tilman-org.net) ist es, eine wirksamere Beikrautregulierung bei gleichzeitig erhohter Biodiversitat durch den verbesserten Einsatz von Grundungung innerhalb verschiedener Szenarien reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung zu entwickeln. Die Ergebnisse eines wiederholten einjahrigen Feldversuches auf der Domane Frankenhausen, dem Versuchsgut der Universitat Kassel, hinsichtlich der Wirkung unterschiedlicher legumer und nicht-legumer Grundungungsarten in vier verschiedenen Bodenbearbeitungssystemen auf den Beikrautbesatz stehen dabei im Vordergrund dieses Beitrages. Auf die Zwischenfruchte Sinapis alba, Trifolium resupinatum und Vicia sativa sowie einer Schwarzbrache als Kontrolle folgte die Hauptfrucht Hafer in vier verschiedenen Bodenbearbeitungssystemen: Pflug, Grubber (2012) bzw. Scheibenegge (2013), sowie Mulch- und Direktsaat. Der Deckungsgrad der Beikrauter war 2012 in den Pflugvarianten grundsatzlich niedrig verglichen mit den anderen Bodenbearbeitungsvarianten. 2012 mussten in den Mulch- und Direktsaatvarianten die Haferparzellen nach den Zwischenfruchten S. alba und T. resupinatum sowie nach der Schwarzbrache wegen zu hohen Beikrautdruckes aufgegeben werden. Im Vergleich dazu konnte V. sativa 2012 die Beikrauter wesentlich besser unterdrucken und fuhrte zu mit Pflug- und Grubbervarianten vergleichbaren Ertragen der Hauptfrucht Hafer auf einem Niveau von 55,3 dt ha-1 bis 59,1 dt ha-1. 2013 mussten alle Mulch- und Direktsaatvarianten aufgrund zu hohen Beikrautdruckes aufgegeben werden. Der Beikrautdruck auf den Scheibenegge - Varianten unterschied sich nicht signifikant von dem Beikrautdruck auf den Pflug – Varianten, es fuhrte aber nur die Zwischenfrucht V. sativa zu ahnlich hohen Ertragen in der Hauptfrucht Hafer wie in den Pflug - Varianten (V. sativa x Scheibenegge 56,2 dt ha-1, V. sativa x Pflug 53,9 dt ha-1). Auf den Pflug – Varianten herrschte insgesamt ein geringer Beikrautdruck. Beim Ertrag gab es keine signifikanten Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Grundungung.

Organic farmers in Europe: motivations and problems for using conservation agriculture practices

The interest of organic farmers for adopting conservation agriculture practices is currently growing. But, there are few technical and scientific references available for organic farmers when they start applying conservation agriculture practices. The main objectives of this study are (1) to explore the diversity of crop management practices using conservation agriculture methods among European farmers, and (2) to identify main farmers’ strategies. We carried out a survey of 159 farmers located in 10 European countries. Data were analysis to identify groups of farmers that share the same type of spring and winter crop managements. Organic farmers in Europe show very diverse crop management. The high diversity of crop management can be described by two main strategies: ‘low soil cover’ and ‘soil conservation’ strategy. Distinct geographical distribution of both strategies suggests that applicability of conservation agriculture practices is strongly context oriented.Conserving and improving the fertility and quality of the limited soil resource to produce food, feed and fibre has always been the key to organic farmers’ management practices. This issue is also addressed in conservation agriculture systems that give up on soil tillage (no-tillage) or reduce tillage intensity, but often build on the extensive use of herbicides and mineral fertilizers. Both systems show advantages for soil quality (Holland, 2004; Mader et al., 2002) and therefore their combination is promising and may provide better soil quality. Challenges of introducing noor reduced tillage systems into organic farming are increased weed pressure, retarded mineralization of nutrients that both may lead to reduced crop yield (Peigne et al., 2007). Pioneer farmers have developed solutions and new machinery to be applicable in organic farming systems. Comparisons of reduced tillage to the traditional plough system have started on farms and systematic research started a decade ago. It was the aim of our research activities, accomplished within the frame of the European network TILMAN-ORG (www.tilman-org.net), to evaluate changes in soil carbon stocks and biological soil fertility parameters in soils from European field trials that compared reduced primary soil tillage options with standard procedures (mainly plough). The selected sites represent a geoclimatic gradient from the North-East to the South-West. The hypothesis was that reduced tillage is enhancing the stratification of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and activity, and is changing microbial community structure and microbial functions.Conservation agriculture and organic farming are currently considered as environmentally friendly options for producing food. This study explores the motivations and problems of organic European farmers that apply at least two conservation techniques: (i) no-tillage, (ii) reduced tillage and/or (iii) green manure. We carried out a survey with 159 farmers located in 10 European countries. Data were analysed with a principal component analysis followed by clustering to identify groups of farmers with similar motivations and problems. The most important motivations are related to soil preservation and problems are mainly linked to agronomic conditions and crop management. There are three groups of farmers that share the same type of attitude: “atypical farmers”, “soil conservationists” and “agro-technically challenged farmers”. Further research may address in priority agronomic problems, such as weed infestation, caused by adoption of conservation agriculture in organic agriculture.Environmental concerns are pushing organic farmers to substitute ploughing with reduced tillage but weed management under reduced tillage can be troublesome. One objective of the TILMAN-ORG Project is to improve weed management with reduced tillage ± cover crops without reducing weed community diversity. This paper reports results obtained in 2012 in 13 long-, mid-, and short-term trials scattered across Europe including winter cereals, maize, grain pea, potato, sunflower and grass/clover or legume leys. Longand midterm experiments showed higher weed abundance under reduced tillage but usually without reduced crop yield. Short-term trials showed that reduced tillage system may be troublesome to manage right after the conversion from ploughing, due to higher abundance of weeds and volunteer crops and reduced yield. Interestingly, there was no overall consistent relationship between weed diversity, always higher under reduced tillage, and crop yield.

Diversity of Conservation Agriculture Practices Among European Organic farmers

The interest of organic farmers for adopting conservation agriculture practices is currently growing. But, there are few technical and scientific references available for organic farmers when they start applying conservation agriculture practices. The main objectives of this study are (1) to explore the diversity of crop management practices using conservation agriculture methods among European farmers, and (2) to identify main farmers’ strategies. We carried out a survey of 159 farmers located in 10 European countries. Data were analysis to identify groups of farmers that share the same type of spring and winter crop managements. Organic farmers in Europe show very diverse crop management. The high diversity of crop management can be described by two main strategies: ‘low soil cover’ and ‘soil conservation’ strategy. Distinct geographical distribution of both strategies suggests that applicability of conservation agriculture practices is strongly context oriented.Conserving and improving the fertility and quality of the limited soil resource to produce food, feed and fibre has always been the key to organic farmers’ management practices. This issue is also addressed in conservation agriculture systems that give up on soil tillage (no-tillage) or reduce tillage intensity, but often build on the extensive use of herbicides and mineral fertilizers. Both systems show advantages for soil quality (Holland, 2004; Mader et al., 2002) and therefore their combination is promising and may provide better soil quality. Challenges of introducing noor reduced tillage systems into organic farming are increased weed pressure, retarded mineralization of nutrients that both may lead to reduced crop yield (Peigne et al., 2007). Pioneer farmers have developed solutions and new machinery to be applicable in organic farming systems. Comparisons of reduced tillage to the traditional plough system have started on farms and systematic research started a decade ago. It was the aim of our research activities, accomplished within the frame of the European network TILMAN-ORG (www.tilman-org.net), to evaluate changes in soil carbon stocks and biological soil fertility parameters in soils from European field trials that compared reduced primary soil tillage options with standard procedures (mainly plough). The selected sites represent a geoclimatic gradient from the North-East to the South-West. The hypothesis was that reduced tillage is enhancing the stratification of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and activity, and is changing microbial community structure and microbial functions.Conservation agriculture and organic farming are currently considered as environmentally friendly options for producing food. This study explores the motivations and problems of organic European farmers that apply at least two conservation techniques: (i) no-tillage, (ii) reduced tillage and/or (iii) green manure. We carried out a survey with 159 farmers located in 10 European countries. Data were analysed with a principal component analysis followed by clustering to identify groups of farmers with similar motivations and problems. The most important motivations are related to soil preservation and problems are mainly linked to agronomic conditions and crop management. There are three groups of farmers that share the same type of attitude: “atypical farmers”, “soil conservationists” and “agro-technically challenged farmers”. Further research may address in priority agronomic problems, such as weed infestation, caused by adoption of conservation agriculture in organic agriculture.Environmental concerns are pushing organic farmers to substitute ploughing with reduced tillage but weed management under reduced tillage can be troublesome. One objective of the TILMAN-ORG Project is to improve weed management with reduced tillage ± cover crops without reducing weed community diversity. This paper reports results obtained in 2012 in 13 long-, mid-, and short-term trials scattered across Europe including winter cereals, maize, grain pea, potato, sunflower and grass/clover or legume leys. Longand midterm experiments showed higher weed abundance under reduced tillage but usually without reduced crop yield. Short-term trials showed that reduced tillage system may be troublesome to manage right after the conversion from ploughing, due to higher abundance of weeds and volunteer crops and reduced yield. Interestingly, there was no overall consistent relationship between weed diversity, always higher under reduced tillage, and crop yield.