Messias Alves da Trindade Neto

Níveis de lisina digestível para frangos de corte machos no período de 37 a 49 dias de idade

One thousand and fifteen commercial male broilers from 37 to 49 days of age were used to evaluate different digestible lysine levels. A completely randomized trial was used, with five treatments (0.90, 0.95, 1.00, 1.05 and 1.10% of digestible lysine, respectively), seven repetitions and 35 experimental units, with 29 birds each. Lysine levels were added in isoenergetic (3,250 kcal of ME/kg) and isoproteic (18% of CP) corn and soy meal rations. Weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio, carcass characteristics and cuts, body composition and nutrient deposition were measured. Digestible lysine levels influenced the feed:gain ratio, with decreasing linear effect. Quadratic effect was observed due to lysine levels used on carcass characteristics, cuts and abdominal fat deposition. The variable chemical composition of the carcass, empty body and mineral matter showed quadratic effect on the digestible lysine levels. The digestible lysine levels had no effect on the chemical composition of blood and offal fractions. However, evidences of linear increase in the protein deposition of carcass and empty body due to the increase in the digestible lysine level were observed. Considering performance, the digestible lysine level should be 1.10% or higher.

Níveis de lisina para leitões na fase inicial-1 do crescimento pós-desmame: composição corporal aos 11,9 e 19,0 kg

Forty eight commercial hybrids, barrows and females with 5.47 ± 0.21 kg, were allotted to a randomized block design with four treatments and six replications, to determine the best lysine level until 11.9 ± .35 kg and subsequent effects at 19.0 kg. The chemical composition of body fractions and the carcass and empty body accretion rates were determined. The studied digestible lysine levels in the nursery phase were 1.16 at 1.46%. No effects were observed on the chemical composition of the offal and blood, characterizing independence of lysine levels. The response to carcass and empty body accretion rates of protein and water was ascendant, as lysine levels increased, characterizing higher efficiency of utilization and direction of lysine for protein synthesis of the musculature. In the second phase, significant effects were observed, but the animals that were previously fed diet with smaller lysine levels tended to accumulate more protein and water in the carcass and empty body. Possibly, being in nutritional deficit, physiologically tolerate, the new diet provided the previous demand, but can not provide the demand for protein synthesis of the animals that were fed higher accretion rates of protein and synthesis ascent in the initial-1 phase. The positive responses for increasing lysine concentration in the diet of piglets from 5.5 to 11.9 kg suggest a need for new evaluations with lysine and metabolizable energy levels above the ones used, in order to establish the maximum efficiency of protein accretion rates. Studies in subsequent phases may add information of better nutritional levels for pig.

Lisina digestível e zinco quelado para frangos de corte machos: desempenho e retenção de nitrogênio na fase pré-inicial

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate different levels of digestible lysine (0.90; 1.00; 1.10; 1.20; e 1.40%) combined with zinc chelate (43 and 253 ppm) to male broiler. The considered periods were: initial phase - performance (1 to 11 days old) and nitrogen retention (1 to 7 days old). A randomized block experimental design in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement was used. In performance assay, 7 replications and 15 birds per experimental unit was used. In the digestibility essay, 6 replications 6 birds for experimental unit were used. The diets contained 2.960 kcal/kg ME and 21.0% crude protein. In the initial phase, there was no digestible lysine × zinc chelate interaction on performance study, however a quadratic effect of digestible lysine on final weight, weight gain, relative weight gain and crescent linear effect in feed intake was observed. In feed: gain ratio did not differ with digestible lysine level and zinc chelate in the diet. In the performance, the better digestible lysine level for broiler raised in concrete floor is 1.19%. From 1 at 7 days old, there was no influence of the combinations of digestible lysine and zinc chelate on nitrogen balance. The nitrogen retention linearly increased as digestible lysine increased in the diet. This response coincided with linear increase of weight gain and feed: gain ratio. A digestible lysine requirement for male broilers from 1 to 7 days old is equal or bigger then 1.40% for male broiler from one at seven days of age.

Fluxo biológico do fósforo no metabolismo de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo fitase

The study was conducted to evaluate the biological flow of P in pigs fed diets based on corn, soybean meal, defatted rice bran (DRB) and soybean oil, with increasing phytase levels (253, 759, 1265 and 1748 PU/kg of diet), using mathematics models. The model was deterministic and compartimental, in which the gastrintestinal tract (GIT) (C1), the plasma C2, the bones (C3) and the soft tissues (liver, heart, kidney and muscle) (C4) represented the compartments. Metabolism data and kinetics of P in tissues were used in the model, obtained by the isotopic dilution technique. The parameters used were: absorption, retention, endogenous P that return to the gastrintestinal tract (GIT), dietary absorbed P, accretion, reabsorption, balance of P in bone and soft tissues and P from total absorbed that returned the GIT. The biomathematical model used is adequate to explain the P flow in growing pig. The phytase enzyme interfere in biological flow of P from compartment C1 to C3 and with the output flow of P from compartment C3 and C4 to C1. The level of 759 PU of phytase in diet of growing pig availability more efficientily the organic phosphorus for the pigs metabolism.

Níveis dietéticos de lisina digestível para frangos de corte machos no período de 1 a 11 dias de idade: desempenho e composição corporal

An experiment was carried out to evaluate digestible lysine requirement for male broilers chicks of Ross line from 1 to 11 days old. A total of 1050 one day old male chicks were fed with five isoenergetic (2,950 kcal ME/kg) and isoproteic (23% CP) diets, with digestible lysine levels of 1.12, 1.17, 1.22, 1.27 and 1.35%. A completely randomized bloc design was used with seven replications of 30 birds per experimental unit. A comparative slaughter technique was conducted to determine body nutrients depositions. A decreasing linear effects in final weight, weight gain, relative weight gain and feed intake were observed suggesting a probable amino acid excess in diet. The body chemical composition did not differ among birds, except for blood and offal ashes content, whish shown a quadratic response to digestible lysine levels in the diets. A decreasing linear response was observed for carcass water deposition. The best digestible lysine level for broilers from 1 to 11 days old must be equal to or lower than 1.12%, however further researches must be conducted with lower levels.

Energia metabolizável e lisina digestível para suínos na fase de crescimento, criados em condições de segregação sanitária

Two assays run simultaneously to evaluate the levels of metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible lysine (LYS) for growing pigs from specific strain on sanitary isolation conditions. Seventy-two castrated males averaging 23.34 ± 1.62 kg and 72 gilts averaging 21.56 ± 2.86 kg were assigned to a randomized blocks design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement and six replications of two animals per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of the combination of energy (3,270 and 3,500 kcal of ME/kg) and lysine levels (0.83, 1.03, and 1.23% digestible). No interaction of energy x protein levels was observed, although effects of the main factors on performance variables were detected. Castrated males showed linear increase of weight gain and quadractic of feed intake and feed:gain ratio, as the dietary lysine levels increased. Linear decrease on feed: gain ratio in response to the dietary lysine concentration was noticed for gilts. Castrated males and gilts in the growing phase on sanitary isolation conditions and healthy conditions showed positive response to the dietary digestible lysine increase. Effects of dietary lysine levels on performance of castrated males did not depend on the energy levels. Gilts fed diets with 3,500 kcal of ME/kg showed the best feed:gain ratio, that confirmed the greatest results of nutrient efficiency utilization in relation to the castrated males.

Lisina digestível e zinco orgânico para frangos de corte machos na fase de 22 a 42 dias de idade

The dietary effects of digestible lysine and chelate zinc for male broiler chickens from 22 to 42 days of age were evaluated in two experimental assays. A complete randomized block experimental design in a 5 × 2 factorial, with five lysine levels (0.841, 0.876, 0.997, 1.022 and 1.030%) and two levels of zinc (43 and 243 ppm) was used. In the first assay, it was used 900 birds with initial average weight 957.4 g distributed in experimental units with 30 birds and three replications and in the second assay, 180 broilers with initial average weight 866.22g split in plots with 3 birds and six replications were used. The characteristics evaluated were performance, cut yield and body composition (1st assay), nitrogen balance and apparent digestibility of diets (2nd assay). There was an interaction among levels of lysine and zinc for weight gain, feed conversion, ingested dry matter and energy balance. Yields of breast, thigh and drumstick had linear increases in response to increments in the level of digestible lysine in the diet. The best performance was obtained for level 0.997% of digestive lysine (or 1.134% total lysine) and level of 43 ppm zinc. For higher cut yields, the recommended level of digestible lysine has to be at least 1.002% (or 1.139% total lysine), regardless to the levels of chelate zinc. Greater inclusion of zinc in diets for broiler from 22 to 42 days of age does not improve the utilization of dietary lysine and increases body fat deposition.

Dietas para Leitões nas Fases de Creche e Diferentes Idades ao Desmame

Oitenta leitoes, metade desmamada aos 20 de idade e metade aos 25 dias de idade, com respectivos pesos: 4,55 ± 0,67 e 6,62 ± 0,92 kg, foram distribuidos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial, com cinco repeticoes e quatro animais por unidade experimental, visando-se estudar dois tipos de dieta e duas idades de desmame e seus efeitos nas fases de crescimento e terminacao. As diferentes caracteristicas das dietas foram obtidas com niveis de inclusao dos ingredientes: leite em po desnatado, acucar e oleo de soja. Nao houve interacao de dieta com idade ao desmame, e sim efeitos isolados dos fatores nas variaveis medidas. Ate os 42 dias de idade, os leitoes que consumiram a dieta com alta inclusao de leite em po, acucar e oleo tiveram melhor desempenho, enquanto o efeito da maior idade (25 dias) ao desmame influenciou apenas o ganho de peso. Dos 42 aos 63 dias de idade, a dieta com leite em po propiciou melhor conversao alimentar e o efeito benefico do desmame aos 25 dias de idade persistiu no ganho de peso. Os animais que consumiram dietas com altos niveis (40 e 20%) do produto lacteo nos periodos de creche atingiram os 94,1 kg em menor tempo. Em relacao aos que receberam as dietas com 10 e 0% de produto lacteo nas mesmas fases, a reducao do periodo foi de 5 dias na idade final a terminacao. Nas fases iniciais de crescimento, a alta inclusao de leite em po desnatado favorece o desempenho dos leitoes e a idade de desmame aos 25 dias e melhor do que a idade de desmame aos 20 dias. O acumulado das diferencas no desempenho, subsequentemente aos tratamentos aplicados nos periodos de creche, deve ser melhor avaliado na idade final do suino ao peso de abate.Eighty piglets, half weaned at 20 days of age and half weaned at 25 daysof age, weighing 4.55 ± 0.67 and 6.62 kg ± 0.92 kg, respectively, were allotted to an experimental randomized block design in a factorial scheme, with five replicates of four animals per experimental unit, to evaluate two diets and two weaning periods and its effects in the growing and finishing phases. Different characteristics of diets were obtained with inclusion levels of ingredients: dried skin milk, sugar and soybean oil. There was no interaction between diets and weaning ages, but isolated effects of these factors on animal performance occurred. Piglets fed diet with high inclusion of dried skin milk and sugar and oil showed the best performance until 42 days, while the effect of the higher age was prominent only on weight gain. In the period from 42 to 63 days of age, the skin milk based diet allowed better feed/gain ratio and the effect of the oldest age persisted on weight gain. The animals fed diets with high levels of milk product (40 and 20%) in nursery phases reached the 94.1 kg at minor age and compared to the ones that received 10 and 0% of milk products in same phases, the reduction time was of 5 days at finishing. In the beginning of the growing phase, the high level of dried skim milk favored the piglets performance and the weaning at 25 days. It is more recommended that weaning at 20 days. The accumulate of the differences subsequently to the nursery applied treatments must be better evaluated in the final age of pig at slaughter weight.

Sources of organic trace minerals in diets for weaned piglets

One hundred and twenty six piglets from a commercial genetic strain weaned at 21 days of age (6.11±0.42 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of supplementation levels of organic sources of trace minerals in the diets of weaned piglets on performance, occurrence of diarrhea, excretion of copper and zinc in the feces, and hematological parameters. A completely randomized block design was adopted, composed of six treatments (diets containing 100% of inorganic trace minerals premix at 3.00 kg/T; diets containing 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of organic trace minerals premix, equivalent to 0; 0.75; 1.50; 2.25 or 3.00 kg/T, respectively), seven replicates and three animals per plot. During the experimental period (from 21 to 63 days of age), the increasing levels of organic trace minerals premix in the diets determined a quadratic effect on daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FC), percentage of hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets (Pt), and a linear increase of Cu and Zn concentrations in feces. The comparison of means between the treatment with inorganic trace minerals premix and the other treatments showed that piglets fed diets without trace minerals premix had lower values of DWG, Ht, Hb, MCH, MCV, Pt and the worst FC value of piglets fed diets containing 25% of organic trace minerals premix presented lower values of Ht and Hb, in comparison with those fed diets with 100% of inorganic trace minerals premix. Inorganic trace minerals premix can be substituted by organic trace minerals premix at a lower level of inclusion in diets for weaned piglets.

Fontes orgânicas e inorgânicas de zinco e cobre como melhoradores de desempenho em leitões desmamados

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate organic and inorganic sources of zinc and copper and their effects on performance of piglets weaned at 21 days of age. In each experiment, it was used 90 piglets in a randomized block experimental design with five diets and six replications and three animals per plot. The diets used in experiments 1 and 2 contained 120 ppm zinc and 10 ppm copper as sulfate. The diets of experiment 1 were supplemented with 0, 300, 600 or 900 ppm of zinc in organic form or 2,400 ppm as zinc oxide (ZnO) and in the experiment 2, the diets were supplemented with 0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm copper in organic form or 240 ppm copper as sulphate (CuSO4H2O). In the experiment 1, levels of zinc from the organic source linearly affected on feed intake and weight gain from 0 to 15 days and from 0 to 21 days post weaning. Weight gain in the 0 to 35 day phase and from 0 to 42 days post-weaning and feed intake of the piglets fed diet with 900 ppm zinc from organic source were not different from the values observed on those fed diet 2,400 ppm of zinc from the inorganic form. Supplementation of diet with zinc in the organic form (900 ppm) or inorganic form (2,400 ppm) increased feed intake and weight gain of piglets in the first three weeks after weaning. Supplementation of diet with 2,400 ppm of zinc in the inorganic form reduced the occurrence of diarrhea in the first three weeks post-weaning. In experiment 2, levels of copper from organic source had a quadratic effect on feed intake of piglets in the periods from 0 to 31 and from 0 to 40 days post-weaning. The supplementation of diet with copper in organic form (90 ppm) or inorganic form (240 ppm) increases feed intake and weight gain of piglets on the first 40 days post-weaning.