José Aparecido Moreira

Determinação da biodisponibilidade do fósforo de diferentes fontes pela técnica de diluição isotópica, em suínos em crescimento

Twenty-eight male pigs averaging 28.95 kg were used to determine endogenous fecal losses, true absorption and phosphorus bioavailability in different phosphorus sources. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with seven treatments and four repplicates and one pig/box. The diets were corn and soybean meal-based and the phosphorus (P) was supplemented through different phosphate sources: dicalcium (FBC), monodicalcium (MBC), triple superphosphate (ST), simple superphosphate (SS), Catalao rock (ROCHA) and phosphoric acid (AcF) and diet control without supplemental P (CONT). Phosphorus intake, excretion through feces and urine, retention and absorption were lower in the diet with smaller phosphorus level. Supplemental inorganic P did not affect intake, endogenous fecal P and retained P. However, the P excretion in the feces was smaller for the animals fed SS and greater for those fed ROCHA. P excretion in the urine was greater for the animals fed AcF and smaller for those fed ROCHA. It can be concluded P bioavailability was of 43.82, 89.44, 82.65, 76.90, 98.73, 90.03, and 63.26 for the treatments CONT, FBC, MBC, ST, SS, AcF and ROCHA, respectively.

Níveis de substituição do fosfato bicálcico pelo monobicálcico em dietas para suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação

ABSTRACT - Fifty-six pigs (average initial weight of 28.47 kg) were assigned to a randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme4 x 2 (levels of dicalcium phosphate substitution x sex) with four repplicates for males and three for females, with two animal s per experimentalunit, to evaluate the effects of replacement levels of phosphate dicalcium by phosphate monodicalcium on the performance, blood and boneparameters of swine fed during the growing (30 to 60 kg) and finishing (60 to 90 kg) phases. Corn and soybean meal based -diets withphosphorus supplemented with replacement levels of 33.33, 66.67 and 100% of phosphate dicalcium (FBC) by monodicalcium (MBC)were formulated based on the values of total phosphorus, i.e., isophosphoric (0.56 and 0.42% in the growth and finishing phases,respectively). The levels of substitution of FBC for MBC did not influence the performance, absolute and relative weight of the kidneysand liver, carcass yield and blood parameters. However, a linear decrease was observed in the ash, phosphorus and calcium conte nts of thebones and a lineal increase in the thickness of the compact layer and in the layer compact/periosteal relationship of the bones with thesubstitution of FBC by MBC. It was conclude that during the growth and finishing phases the total and/or partial substitution o f phosphatedicalcium by monodicalcium does not influence the performance of the animals.Key Words: fluorine, histology bone, nutrition, breaking strength, blood serumFifty-six pigs (average initial weight of 28.47 kg) were assigned to a randomized blocks design, in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 (levels of dicalcium phosphate substitution x sex) with four repplicates for males and three for females, with two animals per experimental unit, to evaluate the effects of replacement levels of phosphate dicalcium by phosphate monodicalcium on the performance, blood and bone parameters of swine fed during the growing (30 to 60 kg) and finishing (60 to 90 kg) phases. Corn and soybean meal based -diets with phosphorus supplemented with replacement levels of 33.33, 66.67 and 100% of phosphate dicalcium (FBC) by monodicalcium (MBC) were formulated based on the values of total phosphorus, i.e., isophosphoric (0.56 and 0.42% in the growth and finishing phases, respectively). The levels of substitution of FBC for MBC did not influence the performance, absolute and relative weight of the kidneys and liver, carcass yield and blood parameters. However, a linear decrease was observed in the ash, phosphorus and calcium contents of the bones and a lineal increase in the thickness of the compact layer and in the layer compact/periosteal relationship of the bones with the substitution of FBC by MBC. It was conclude that during the growth and finishing phases the total and/or partial substitution of phosphate dicalcium by monodicalcium does not influence the performance of the animals.

Utilização de enzimas exógenas em dietas com diferentes fontes e níveis de proteína para leitões na fase de creche

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the inclusion of exogenous enzymes in diets with different protein levels and sources for pigs during the nursery period. In the first experiment, 80 pigs from 21 to 51 days of age, weaned at 14 days of age, were assigned to a randomized blocks experimental design, in a 2x2x2 factorial (two protein levels; with or without meat and bone meal; with or without enzyme), with five replicates and two pigs/box, and fed a corn (C), soybean meal (SBM) and dried whey (DW)-based diets. In the second experiment, 40 pigs from 28 to 45 days of age, weaned at 21 days of age, were assigned to a randomized blocks, with four treatments, five replicates and two pigs/box, fed a control diet (C, SBM and DW-based diet with 18% crude protein - CP) and three diets with different levels of enzymatic complex (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%). In the first experiment, no interaction was observed among protein level, presence or absence of meat and bone meal (MBM) and presence or absence of enzyme. Reduction of ADG and ADFI was observed at the dietary level of 18% CP. No effect of MBM inclusion and 0.2% enzyme in the diet was detected. In the experiment II, it was observed increasing linear effect for ADG and ADFI, as the enzyme level increase. The addition of 0.4% of exogenous enzymes provided the best economical return for the ration cost. It was concluded that the level of 21% CP and the addition of increasing exogenous enzyme levels in corn and soybean meal-based diets improve pig performance, that is not affected by the inclusion of 5% the meat and bone meal in the diets.

Composição química de diferentes fontes de fósforo e deposição de metais pesados em tecidos de suínos

One hundred twelve pigs averaging weight of 28.68kg, were allotted to a completely randomized blocks with seven replicates of two animals per box. The treatments consisted in factorial 8×2 (eight phosphorus sources x two sexes). The experimental diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal and the phosphorus was supplemented through phosphate dicalcium (FBC), monodicalcium (MBC), triple superphosphate (ST), simple superphosphate (SS), Catalao rock (ROCHA), mixture of sources (MIST), and phosphoric acid (AcF) in addition to a control diet without supplemental phosphous (CONT). Samples of phosphorus sources available in the market were evaluated for particle size and chemical composition. The MBC, FBC and AcF showed a low level of heavy metal contamination, but a variation in the heavy metal composition for ST was observed. Swines fed on CONT diet showed lead and zinc accumulation in the liver. Swines fed on triple superphosphate and mixture of sources diets showed cadmium accumulation in the liver. Swine fed on ST diet showed copper accumulation in the muscles. Swine diets formulated with alternative and less elaborated sources of phosphorus caused liver and muscles deposition of minerals.

Phytase enzyme in diets containing defatted rice bran for growing swine

Organic phosphorus is poorly utilized by monogastric animals because they lack phytase, the enzyme that cleaves the ortho-phosphate groups from the phytate molecule. Diets fed to pigs are supplemented with inorganic P, and this can increase environmental pollution and diet costs. Sixty mixed sex, half-breed pigs, were used to evaluate the effect of increasing dietary levels of phytase (253, 759, 1265 and 1748 PU kg-1 feed) on animal performance as compared to a control without phytase but supplemented with dicalcium phosphate. Enzyme levels did not affect daily feed intake, food conversion, average daily weight gain, plasma P and Ca, calcium and phosphorus in bone ash, and the calcium/phosphorus ratio in the plasma and bones. A quadratic relationship between phytase levels and the percentages of P and Ca in bone ash was observed, reaching a maximum at the 880 and 879 PU levels, respectively. Animals fed diets containing phytase presented low plasma P values when compared to the control, but no effects were observed for the regression analysis. Using 759 PU phytase in rations containing corn, soybean bran and defatted rice bran for growing pigs can eliminate the use of traditional sources of P.

Modelos matemáticos para o estudo do fluxo biológico do fósforo em suínos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com níveis crescentes de fitase

The biological flow of P was evaluated among the physiologic or the anatomical compartments of pigs fed diets with increasing phytase levels, using P-32 as tracer. The experimental design was completely randomized. Treatments consisted of phytase levels in diets (253, 759, 1265, and 1748UF/kg). The evaluated variables were: feed intake, excretion, specific activities and flow of P in the compartments (gut, blood, bone, and soft tissus). Phytase level did not interfere with fecal and urinary excretion, specific activities, incorporation and resorption of bone, and soft tissue P and in the bidirectional flow of gut and blood, but linearly affected P absorption and bone P retention. The best response was observed with the lowest phytase levels.

Estimativas do fluxo de fósforo entre os compartimentos anatômicos e fisiológicos de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fontes de fósforo

Twenty-one castrated male pigs with a medium weight of 31.94 kg were used to simulate the phosphorus (P) flow between its anatomical or physiological compartments. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks, with seven treatments and four replicates and one pig/box. Corn and soybean meal-based diets were fed and P was supplied from different phosphate sources: dicalcium (FBC), monodicalcium (MBC), triple superphosphate (ST), simple superphosphate (SS), catalao rock (ROCHA) and phosphoric acid (AcF) and diet control without supplemental P (CONT). At the end of the seventh day, 7.4MBq of 32P were injected in the animals. Samples of feces, urine and blood were collected during seven days. The amount of P excreted in the feces was greater in the ROCHA diet and smaller in the CONT and AcF diets. Urinary P was greater in the AcF, SS and ST diets and smaller in CONT. The diets did not influence the specific activity (SA) in the feces and in the bones. SA in the blood was smaller in the diet ROCHA. SA in the soft tissues was greater in the diet CONT and smaller in the ST and AcF diets. The flow of P in the digestive tract for the blood was smaller in the CONT diet. The diet containing ROCHA showed greater flow of P from the blood to the bone. Animals fed diets ROCHA and CONT reabsorbed more P from the bone. Soft tissue mobilization in the blood was greater in the ROCHA and CONT diets. It was concluded that CONT and ROCHA diet did not supply enough P to meet swine nutritional requirement, making the phosphorus flow from the soft tissues and bones more intense, in order to maintain a stable P in the blood. The use of tissues phosphoric acid and simple superphosphate levels in the diets overloaded the kidneys, in the elimination of surplus P though the urine.

Biodisponibilidade e perdas endógenas mínimas de P em dietas com níveis crescentes de fitase para suínos em crescimento pela técnica de diluição isotópica

The objective of this study was to evaluate diets containing increasing levels of phytase (253, 759, 1265 and 1748 PU/kg of diets), by mean of bioavailability and minimum endogenous P losses. Twenty crossbred barrow weighting 32.19+2.17 kg were used in a randomized block design experiment, with five treatments and four replicates. The animals were kept in metabolic cages for a ten-day adaptation period and seven days for total collection of feces and urine. Blood samples were taken for seven days. At the first day of the collection period, each animal was injected intravenously with 7.4 MBq of 32P. At the end of the experimental period the animals were slaughtered and tissues of the muscle, heart, liver, kidneys and bones were collected for further studies. The levels of phytase enzyme did not affect the urinary P, retained P, plasma P and bioavailability, but a quadratic effect was observed for levels of phytase on P in feces and endogenous P. The minimum endogenous losses of P was more efficient than bioavailability to evaluate the effect of the phytase enzyme. The best utilization of the organic phosphorus occurs on the level 759 PU.

Cinética do fósforo em tecidos de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo enzima fitase

The research was carried out to study the kinetic of P in tissues of pigs fed rations containing organic P with the addition of different levels of phytase enzyme, using the 32P as a metabolic tracer. Twelve crossbred barrow with 31,68± 1,62kg were divided in a completely randomized design in a split plot arrangement, with four treatments (253, 749, 1265 and 1748 PU (phytase unit)/kg) and three repetitions. Treatments formed the parcels and tissues (bones, liver, heart, kidneys and muscles) the by-parcels. All pigs were kept in a metabolic cage for a seven-day period for sample collection. At the first day of the collection period, each animal was injected intravenously with 7.4 MBq of 32P. On the seventh day all animals were slaughtered and samples of tissues were collected. The phytase enzyme affected the concentration of P in kidney at the levels of 253 and 759 PU/kg.

Palm kernel cake ( Elaeis guineensis ) in the diet of collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu ) raised in captivity in Brazilian Amazon (Partial results)

Wild animals have been raised in captivity for commercial purposes in Latin America and the Caribbean. One is the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), that is a good source of protein for Amazonian inhabitants. However, whilst this artiodactyla mammal is well adapted to a captive breeding system the live weight production cost is high. Palm kernel cake Elaeis guineensis, by-product of the extraction of the palm oil, has been used as an alternative diet to partially replace commercial ration ingredients of some animal diets. Its chemical composition means it can be used used in non-ruminants diets. This work evaluated the effects of a partial substitution of the corn (Triticum aestivum) by palm kernel cake in collared peccary diets.