Metin Gürü

Improvement of Diesel fuel properties by using additives

Abstract In this study, organic compounds of Mn, Mg, Cu and Ca metals were synthesized, and their solutions were used as Diesel fuel additives. The additives that achieved the greatest decrease in freezing point of Diesel fuel, its optimum rate of dosage and other performance effects were tested. The results showed that the organic based manganese gave the greatest decrease in freezing point. This additive reduced the freezing point to 12.4°C at the rate of dosage of 54.2 μ mol Mn/l Diesel fuel. It was established that the cetane number of Diesel fuel without the additive was 46.22, whereas the cetane number was 48.24 for Diesel fuel with the optimum amount of dosage. It was observed that the organic based manganese drops the viscosity and flash point and improves the contents of the exhaust gases.

Activation of pine cone using Fenton oxidation for Cd(II) and Pb(II) removal

This paper describes activation of pine cone with Fenton reagent and determines the removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. Changes of the surface properties of adsorbent materials were determined by the FT-IR and SEM analysis after activation of pine cone. The effect of Fe(2+)/H(2)O(2) ratio, ORP, pH and contact time were determined. Different adsorption isotherms were also obtained using concentrations of heavy metal ions ranging from 0.1 to 150mgL(-1). The adsorption process follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics and follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The study discusses thermodynamic parameters, including changes in Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy, for the adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) on activated cone, and revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic under natural conditions. The maximum removal efficiencies were obtained as 91% and 89% at pH 7 with 90 and 105-min contact time for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively.

Influence of tall oil biodiesel with Mg and Mo based fuel additives on diesel engine performance and emission.

The purpose of this study is to investigate influences of tall oil biodiesel with Mg and Mo based fuel additives on diesel engine performance and emission. Tall oil resinic acids were reacted with MgO and MoO(2) stoichiometrically for the production of metal-based fuel additives (combustion catalysts). The metal-based additives were added into tall oil biodiesel (B60) at the rate of 4 micromol/l, 8 micromol/l and 12 micromol/l for preparing test fuels. In general, both of the metal-based additives improved flash point, pour point and viscosity of the biodiesel fuel, depending on the rate of additives. A single cylinder DI diesel engine was used in the tests. Engine performance values did not change significantly with biodiesel fuels, but exhaust emission profile was improved. CO emissions and smoke opacity decreased by 56.42% and by 30.43%, respectively. In general, low NO(x) and CO(2) emissions were measured with the biodiesel fuels.

Removal of trivalent chromium from water using low-cost natural diatomite.

Trivalent chromium was removed from the artificial wastewater using low-cost diatomite in batch and continuous systems. In batch system, four different sizes and five different amount of sorbent were used. The effect of the temperature on sorption was evaluated with using three different temperatures. As a result of the experiments, 85% of the trivalent chromium was removed from the wastewater in conditions of using 1.29mm grain material at 30 degrees C temperature for 60min in batch system but chromium removal was 82% at 30 degrees C temperature for 22min and 97% from the wastewater at 30 degrees C temperature for 80min in continuous system. Also, the equilibrium adsorption isotherms have been analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The Langmuir isotherms have the highest correlation coefficients. Langmuir adsorption isotherm constants corresponding to adsorption capacity, q0, were found to be 28.1, 26.5 and 21.8mg Cr3+/g diatomite at 15, 30 and 45 degrees C, respectively. Adsorption process was an exothermic process as a result of thermodynamic parameters calculations. The kinetic data of the sorption showed that the pseudo second-order equation was the more appropriate, which indicate that the intraparticle diffusion is the rate-limiting factor.

An approach to the usage of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste as roadway pavement material.

This study investigates an application area for Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle waste which has become an environmental problem in recent decades as being a considerable part of the total plastic waste bulk. Two novel additive materials, namely Thin Liquid Polyol PET (TLPP) and Viscous Polyol PET (VPP), were chemically derived from waste PET bottles and used to modify the base asphalt separately for this aim. The effects of TLPP and VPP on the asphalt and hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture properties were detected through conventional tests (Penetration, Softening Point, Ductility, Marshall Stability, Nicholson Stripping) and Superpave methods (Rotational Viscosity, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR)). Also, chemical structures were described by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques. Since TLPP and VPP were determined to improve the low temperature performance and fatigue resistance of the asphalt as well as the Marshall Stability and stripping resistance of the HMA mixtures based on the results of the applied tests, the usage of PET waste as an asphalt roadway pavement material offers an alternative and a beneficial way of disposal of this ecologically hazardous material.

Production of oxalic acid from sugar beet molasses by formed nitrogen oxides.

Production of oxalic acid from sugar beet molasses was developed in a series of three reactors. Nitrogen oxides formed were used to manufacture oxalic acid in the second and third reactor. Parameters affecting the reaction were determined to be, air flow rate, temperature, the amount of V2O5 catalyst and the concentrations of molasses and H2SO4. The maximum yields in the second and third reactors were 78.9% and 74.6% of theoretical yield, respectively. Also, kinetic experiments were performed and the first-order rate constants were determined for the glucose consumption rate. Nitrogen oxides in off-gases from the final reactor were absorbed in water and concentrated sulphuric acid and reused in the following reactors giving slightly lower yields under similar conditions. In this novel way, it was possible to recover NO(x) and to prevent air pollution. Meanwhile, it was possible to reduce the unit cost of reactant for oxalic acid production. A maximum 77.5% and 74.1% of theoretical yield was obtained by using the absorption solutions with NO(x).

The Effects of Ethanol and Propanol Additions Into Unleaded Gasoline on Exhaust and Noise Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine

Abstract Exhaust and noise emissions of a four-stroke spark ignition engine were investigated by using ethanol–gasoline blends and propanol–gasoline blends. Ethanol and propanol were added to unleaded gasoline at volume percent levels of 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20%. Higher octane number, lower sulphur content, and higher oxygen content were important advantageous of the blend fuels. In general, exhaust emission profile of the engine improved when ethanol and propanol were added into the unleaded gasoline. The CO and HC emissions with ethanol–gasoline blends and propanol–gasoline blends decreased by 65.56 and 33.92%, respectively. NO and CO2 emissions with the blend fuels showed a trend of increasing. In addition, noise emissions with gasoline–ethanol blends decreased slightly at low loads. However, at the other tests, noise levels showed a trend of increasing with the blend fuels.

The Investigation of Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Tall Oil Biodiesel With a Co-based Additive

Abstract In this study, the effects of tall oil biodiesel with cobalt (Co)-based additive on engine performance and exhaust emissions have been experimentally investigated. Co-based additive at the rate of 4, 8, and 12 μmol/l was added to mixtures of 60% tall oil methyl ester and 40% diesel fuel (T60). The engine tests were performed at full load condition in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Biodiesel fuels had no noteworthy influence on engine torque and the power output values. Catalyst effects of Co-based additive improved specific fuel consumption values, CO emissions, and smoke emissions. On the other hand, higher NOx emissions were measured at low engine speed.

The removal of cyanides from water by catalytic air oxidation in a fixed bed reactor

The removal of cyanides from water by catalytic air oxidation was studied. Experiments were separately performed in a fixed bed reactor with co- and counter-current flow. Effects of concentration, flow type, liquid and gas flow rates on oxidation yield were investigated. It was consequently observed that the yield was increased with decreasing gas flow rate. The yields attained at countercurrent conditions were higher than those of cocurrent ones. The yield was not significantly affected by the change in concentration and liquid flow rate. The reaction was found to be of zero-order with respect to cyanide in water. Although this study was carried out at a continuously operating system, a yield of 99% was achieved at low gas flow rates and countercurrent conditions.

Effect of Pore-Forming Agent Type on Swelling Properties of Macroporous Poly(N-[3-(dimethylaminopropyl)]-methacrylamide-co-acrylamide) Hydrogels

Macroporous poly(N-[3-(dimethylaminopropyl)]methacrylamide-co-acrylamide) [P(DMAPMA-co-AAm)] hydrogels were prepared by free-radical crosslinking copolymerization of corresponding monomers in water using two different pore-forming agents such as hydroxypropyl celluose (HPC) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The effect of these pore-forming agents on the volume phase transition temperature (VPT-T), interior morphology and swelling/deswelling kinetics of the P(DMAPMA-co-AAm) hydrogels was investigated. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that the interior network structure of the hydrogel matrix became more porous due to the presence of HPC or PEG pore-forming agents. The more porous matrix provided numerous water channels for water diffusion in or out of the matrix and, therefore, an improved response rate to the external stimuli. Particularly, due to its unique macroporous structure, the PEG-modified hydrogel showed a tremendously faster response to the external temperature changes during deswelling process and the swelling process at 22°C.