Michael Bieber

Fourth generation hypermedia

World Wide Web authors must cope in a hypermedia environment analogous to second-generation computing languages, building and managing most hypermedia links using simple anchors and single-step navigation. Following this analogy, sophisticated application environments on the World Wide Web will require third- and fourth-generation hypermedia features. Implementing third- and fourth-generation hypermedia involves designing both high-level hypermedia features and the high-level authoring environments system developers build for authors to specify them. We present a set of high-level hypermedia features including typed nodes and links, link attributes, structure-based query, transclusions, warm and hot links, private and public links, hypermedia access permissions, computed personalized links, external link databases, link update mechanisms, overviews, trails, guided tours, backtracking and history-based navigation. We ground our discussion in the hypermedia research literature, and illustrate each feature both from existing implementations and a running scenario. We also give some direction for implementing these on the World Wide Web and in other information systems.

Web information systems

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Toward Virtual Community Knowledge Evolution

This paper puts forth a vision and an architecture for a community knowledge evolution system. We propose augmenting a multimedia document repository (digital library) with innovative knowledge evolution support, including computer-mediated communications, community process support, decision support, advanced hypermedia features, and conceptual knowledge structures. These tools, and the techniques developed around them, would enable members of a virtual community to learn from, contribute to, and collectively build upon the communitys knowledge and improve many member tasks. The resulting Collaborative Knowledge Evolution Support System (CKESS) would provide an enhanced digital library infrastructure serving as an ever-evolving repository of the communitys knowledge, which members would actively use in everyday tasks and regularly update.

Designing hypertext support for computational applications

dismiss the possibility of hypertext support for computational applications, when in fact hypertext function-ality can supplement an applications computational power. In this article we describe how developers can incorporate hypertext functionality into computational applications. What benefit do users gain from hypertext support in computational applications? Managing the myriad of interrelationships in a computational applications knowledge (data and calculated information) is difficult for a user. It can be improved by streamlining access and increasing user comprehension through interface enhancements (e.g., visualization). Augmenting an application with hypertext support results in new ways to view and manage the applications knowledge, by navigating among items of interest and annotating with comments and relationships (links). Unfortunately, many computational system developers view hypertext only in terms of accessing and managing documents (or smaller units of static information). Such display-oriented behavior characterizes the majority of hypertext systems. SEPIA (see Thüring et al. and Streitz in this issue), KMS [1], Aquanet and VIKI (see Marshall and Shipman in this issue), NoteCards [10] and Intermedia [25] all are designed to facilitate authoring, creating relationships , displaying information, and navigating through large information spaces. (Hypertext viewers, such as Mosaic and Lynx, provide navigation only.) In fact, most hypertext design methodologies and guidelines , such as those in [10], Hypermedia Design Model (HDM) [9], and those presented in this special issue, were developed specifically to optimize these functionalities. In computational applications, on the other hand, document management and object display are second in importance. Here, hyper-text must augment both interface and analytical activities. This requires that instead of adding computation to a hypertext application (as in [10, Computational Applications any scientific and business applications are computational, as opposed to display-oriented. Examples include accounting applications , computer-aided design systems, geographic information systems , expert systems, and statistical analysis packages. People use computational applications primarily for their underlying analytic functionality, not for reading or navigating through large amounts of displayable information.

Collaborative Discourse Structures in Computer Mediated Group Communications

Using application oriented conceptual maps to categorize the group discussion would be an advancement in the design of CMC systems to allow much larger groups to collaborate productively. The group meta communication process should allow the group to modify and evolve these conceptual discourse templates.

Designing hypermedia applications

We describe a step-by-step methodology for the design and construction of hypermedia applications and illustrate our approach using a small application. The Relationship Management Design (RMD) methodology begins with a data model of the application domain and proceeds through the design of the hypertext network, user interface and run-time dynamics finally concluding with the construction and testing of the target hypermedia system. Our ultimate objective is to use the RMD approach as the basis for the construction of computerized tools to support the design and development of hypermedia applications.

A clickstream-based collaborative filtering personalization model: towards a better performance

In recent years, clickstream-based Web personalization models for collaborative filtering recommendation have received much attention mainly due to their scalability [10,16,19]. The common personalization models are the Markov model, (sequential) association rule, and clustering. These models have shown strengths and weaknesses in their performance: for instance, the Markov model has higher precision and lower recall than (sequential) association rule and clustering, and vice versa [22]. In order to address the trade-off relationship of precision and recall, some study has combined two or more different models [22] or applied multi-order models [24,27]. The performance increases by these models, however, are at best marginal and still there is room for improving the performance because of their first order (one model type) application in making recommendation. We propose a new hybrid model for improving the performance, especially recall. The proposed hybrid model applies four prediction models - the Markov model, sequential association rule, association rule, and a default model [1,17] - in tandem in their precision order. We evaluated our model with Web usage data, and the result is promising.

Backtracking in a multiple-window hypertext environment

Multi-window interfaces allow users to work on logically independent taks simultaneously in different sets of windows and to move among these logical tasks at will (e.g., through selecting a window in a different task). Hypertext backtracking should be able to treat each logical task separately. Combining all traversals in a single chronological history log would violate the users mental model and cause disorientation. In this paper we introduce task-based backtracking, a technique for backtracking within the various logical tasks a user may be working on at any given time. We present a preliminary algorithm for its implementation. We also discuss several ramifications of multi-window backtracking including the types of events history logs must record, deleting nodes from history logs that appear in multiple logical tasks, and in general the choices hypermedia designers face in multi-window environments.

On integrating hypermedia into decision support and other information systems

The goal of this research is to provide hypermedia functionality to all information systems thatinteract with people. Hypermedia is a concept involving access to information, embodying thenotions of context-sensitive navigation, annotation and tailored presentation.We present the architecture of a system-level hypermedia engine, designed both to managefull hypermedia functionality for an information system and to bind interface-oriented front-endsystems with separate computation-oriented back-end systems. The engine dynamicallysuperimposes a hypermedia representation over a back-end applications knowledge componentsand processes. The hypermedia engine generates this representation using bridge laws, whichcapture the internal structure of client systems. Users access the application through itshypermedia representation.We also describe a set of minimal requirements for integrating our hypermedia engine with aninformation system. We believe these guidelines apply to all integration efforts, not just our own.Information systems will require some supplementary routines for the engine to managehypermedia functionality for them. The more sophisticated and cooperative the informationsystem, the higher the level of hypermedia support the engine will provide.

Extending HTML in a principled way with displets

Abstract Displets provide authors and programmers with a way to freely extend the HTML language on a per-document basis in a principled manner. Currently, in order to be accepted, HTML elements must be approved by the official HTML review board. Non-standard extensions have appeared, and have relied on the commercial power of the proponents for acceptance. Two major forces are driving the extension process of the HTML language: those who favor a better description of document elements, as with SGML, and those who would like better control over the final appearance of documents, as with Postscript and other display-oriented languages. Special notations (such as mathematics, music, etc.), are hardly considered—if at all—in defining the HTML standard. We designed displets to fill this frustrating gap. Displets are Java classes that are activated while rendering an HTML document. Displets provide graphical artists a better control over the final appearance of HTML documents, librarians and indexers a better description of their content, and those in need of new notations a way to describe and use graphical objects in a manner compatible with the graphical and structural habits of the HTML community.