Michael Cw Kintner-Meyer

Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid

The is a comprehensive review on the needs and potential storage technologies for electrical grid that is expected to integrate significant levels of renewables. This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions.

Impact assessment of plug-in hybrid vehicles on pacific northwest distribution systems

The U.S. electric power infrastructure is a significantly underutilized strategic asset which, with the proper shift in operational paradigms could provide a significant portion of the energy requirements for the existing U.S. light duty vehicle (LDV) fleet. This shift would result in reduced emissions, improved economics for utilities, and a reduced dependence on oil. A previous study has shown that the existing generation and transmission assets of the U.S. electric power infrastructure could feasibly supply the electricity for approximately 70% of the U.S. LDV fleet. In the limitations of the distribution system were not explicitly addressed and are more difficult to quantify because of the large diversity of distribution systems topology, design guidelines and load growth. This paper focuses on the impacts of a high penetration of plug-in electric hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) on the distribution systems. Presented are results specific for the Pacific Northwest.

Sizing Energy Storage to Accommodate High Penetration of Variable Energy Resources

The variability and nondispatchable nature of wind and solar energy production presents substantial challenges for maintaining system balance. Depending on the economic considerations, energy storage can be a viable solution to balance energy production with consumption. This paper proposes to use discrete Fourier transform to decompose the required balancing power into different time-varying periodic components, i.e., intraweek, intraday, intrahour, and real-time. Each component can be used to quantify the maximum energy storage requirement for different types of energy storage. This requirement is the physical limit that could be theoretically accommodated by a power system. The actual energy storage capacity can be further quantified within this limit by the cost-benefit analysis (future work). The proposed approach has been successfully used in a study conducted for the 2030 Western Electricity Coordinating Council system model. Some results of this study are provided in this paper.

Second Use of Transportation Batteries: Maximizing the Value of Batteries for Transportation and Grid Services

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to gain significant market share in the next few decades. The economic viability for such vehicles is contingent upon the availability of cost-effective batteries with high power and energy density. For initial commercial success, government subsidies will be instrumental in allowing PHEVs and EVs to gain a foothold. However, in the long term, for electric vehicles to be commercially viable, the economics have to be self-sustaining. Toward the end of the battery life in the vehicle, the energy capacity left in the battery is not sufficient to provide the designed range for the vehicle. Typically, the automotive manufacturers recommend battery replacement when the remaining energy capacity reaches 70%-80%. There is still sufficient power (kilowatts) and energy capacity (kilowatthour) left in the battery to support various grid ancillary services such as balancing, spinning reserve, and load following. As renewable energy penetration increases, the need for such balancing services is expected to increase. This work explores optimality for the replacement of transportation batteries to be subsequently used for grid services. This analysis maximizes the value of an electric vehicle battery to be used as a transportation battery (in its first life) and, then, as a resource for providing grid services (in its second life). The results are presented across a range of key parameters, such as depth of discharge (DOD), number of batteries used over the life of the vehicle, battery life in the vehicle, battery state of health (SOH) at the end of life in the vehicle, and ancillary services rate. The results provide valuable insights for the automotive industry into maximizing the utility and the value of the vehicle batteries in an effort to either reduce the selling price of EVs and PHEVs or maximize the profitability of the emerging electrification of transportation.

Loads Providing Ancillary Services: Review of International Experience

In this study, we examine the arrangements for and experiences of end-use loads providing ancillary services (AS) in five electricity markets: Australia, the United Kingdom (UK), the Nordic market, and the ERCOT and PJM markets in the United States. Our objective in undertaking this review of international experience was to identify specific approaches or market designs that have enabled customer loads to effectively deliver various ancillary services (AS) products. We hope that this report will contribute to the ongoing discussion in the U.S. and elsewhere regarding what institutional and technical developments are needed to ensure that customer loads can meaningfully participate in all wholesale electricity markets.

Opportunities of Wireless Sensors and Controls for Building Operation

ABSTRACT The rapid maturity of everyday wireless technologies—now widely used for mobile phones, wireless internet access, and even the replacement of barcodes—has had a significant impact on our ability to collect information from the physical world. There are tremendous opportunities in using wireless technologies in sensors and controls for building operation. To date, the market adoption rate of wireless systems in building automation has been limited by two factors. First, the cost of the wireless technology is still high because of the small production numbers. Second, there is still skepticism about the reliability of wireless systems as permanent controls solutions in buildings. The key promise of wireless technology in building operation is to reduce the cost of installing data acquisition and control systems (typically 20–80 percent of the cost of controls technology in a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system). Reducing or eliminating this cost component has a dramatic effect ...

The Smart Grid: An Estimation of the Energy and CO2 Benefits

This report articulates nine mechanisms by which the smart grid can reduce energy use and carbon impacts associated with electricity generation and delivery. The quantitative estimates of potential reductions in electricity sector energy and associated CO2 emissions presented are based on a survey of published results and simple analyses. This report does not attempt to justify the cost effectiveness of the smart grid, which to date has been based primarily upon the twin pillars of cost-effective operation and improved reliability. Rather, it attempts to quantify the additional energy and CO2 emission benefits inherent in the smart grid’s potential contribution to the nation’s goal of mitigating climate change by reducing the carbon footprint of the electric power system.

Investigating the nexus of climate, energy, water, and land at decision-relevant scales: the Platform for Regional Integrated Modeling and Analysis (PRIMA)

The Platform for Regional Integrated Modeling and Analysis (PRIMA) is an innovative modeling system developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to simulate interactions among natural and human systems at scales relevant to regional decision making. PRIMA brings together state-of-the-art models of regional climate, hydrology, agriculture and land use, socioeconomics, and energy systems using a flexible coupling approach. Stakeholder decision support needs underpin the application of the platform to regional issues, and an uncertainty characterization process is used to identify robust decisions. The platform can be customized to inform a variety of complex questions, such as how a policy in one sector might affect the ability to meet climate mitigation targets or adaptation goals in another sector. Current numerical experiments focus on the eastern United States, but the framework is designed to be regionally flexible. This paper provides a high-level overview of PRIMA’s functional capabilities and describes some key challenges and opportunities associated with integrated regional modeling.

Energy Storage for Power Systems Applications: A Regional Assessment for the Northwest Power Pool (NWPP)

Wind production, which has expanded rapidly in recent years, could be an important element in the future efficient management of the electric power system; however, wind energy generation is uncontrollable and intermittent in nature. Thus, while wind power represents a significant opportunity to the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), integrating high levels of wind resources into the power system will bring great challenges to generation scheduling and in the provision of ancillary services. This report addresses several key questions in the broader discussion on the integration of renewable energy resources in the Pacific Northwest power grid. More specifically, it addresses the following questions: a) how much total reserve or balancing requirements are necessary to accommodate the simulated expansion of intermittent renewable energy resources during the 2019 time horizon, and b) what are the most cost effective technological solutions for meeting load balancing requirements in the Northwest Power Pool (NWPP).

GridWiseTM: The Benefits of a Transformed Energy System

This report presents a preliminary scoping assessment conducted to envision the general magnitude of several selected benefits the GridWise™ concept could offer when applied nationally. These benefits accrue in the generation, transmission and distribution components of the power grid as well as in the customer sector. The total potential benefit of implementing these technologies over the next 20 years is conservatively estimated have a present value (PV) of about