Michael Lipsky

Protest as a Political Resource

The frequent resort to protest activity by relatively powerless groups in recent American politics suggests that protest represents an important aspect of minority group and low income group politics. At the same time that Negro civil rights strategists have recognized the problem of using protest as a meaningful political instrument, groups associated with the “war on poverty” have increasingly received publicity for protest activity. Saul Alinskys Industrial Areas Foundation, for example, continues to receive invitations to help organize low income communities because of its ability to mobilize poor people around the tactic of protest. The riots which dominated urban affairs in the summer of 1967 appear not to have diminished the dependence of some groups on protest as a mode of political activity. This article provides a theoretical perspective on protest activity as a political resource. The discussion is concentrated on the limitations inherent in protest which occur because of the need of protest leaders to appeal to four constituencies at the same time. As the concept of protest is developed here, it will be argued that protest leaders must nurture and sustain an organization comprised of people with whom they may or may not share common values. They must articulate goals and choose strategies so as to maximize their public exposure through communications media. They must maximize the impact of third parties in the political conflict. Finally, they must try to maximize chances of success among those capable of granting goals.

The Processing of Racial Crisis in America

THE focus of this paper is on elite responses to the black riots of the 1960s.1 We call it &dquo;the processing of racial crisis&dquo; because we observe in the actions of public officials and interactions of dominant political institutions an elite-centered process through which the demands implicit in the riots were first diminished in significance and then mediated through ad hoc commissions and existing political institutions to minimize their political impact. Since every political claim on the society must be received as a demand if it is to be responded to, we argue that the liberal response to the riots may be interpreted as &dquo;washing out&dquo; or negating their political content even while appearing