Michal Šoltés

New Option Strategy and Its Using for Investment Certificate Issuing

Abstract The aim of this article is to develop new option strategy, formulate optimal algorithm of its creation and using this new strategy to develop a new type of investment certificate from the point of view of its issuer. We provide algorithm for issuer, which can be used also by individual investor. The paper was elaborated within the project VEGA 2/0004/12.

Quantification and comparison of avoidable mortality – causal relations and modification of concepts

The fundamental criticism of the analyses of relations between the allocated sources into healthcare system and general indicators of health status (represented by mortality) form a concept of avoidable mortality. The concept is a result of a reaction of many specialists in this field. The efficient concept of avoidable mortality that consists of treatable and preventable mortality components should provide prominent information that is not directly absorbed in the metrics of general mortality rate traditionally used for measuring the healthcare systems’ outputs. Permanent evaluation of the concept is based on confrontation of actual and relevant facts and supported by significant evidence from analytical outputs. This evaluation may help to form an efficient tool for measuring the amenable mortality with system connections as within health care system so in social policy, long-term health care policy, etc. The aim of this article is an analysis and evaluation of avoidable mortality development at conceptual and evaluative level and a specification of advantages and limitations that result from this concept. The analyses’ outputs represent a valuable platform for revision of strategic framework of the Slovak healthcare as well as for formation of targeted policies that focus on increase of healthcare system efficiency.

Analysis of Pension System Development in Slovak Republic

Abstract The aim of this contribution is to get to know about current pension policy in Slovak Republic. Describe the recent changes in pension savings. Briefly explain what these changes mean. Indicate possible implications for savers. Point out on the development of pillars. The paper was elaborated within the project VEGA 2/0004/12.

Analysis of Saving on Pension

Abstract In Slovak Republic we have had pension system of three pillars since 2005. The system goes through frequent changes. The third pillar represents supplementary pension insurance and it is neglected. The aim of this paper is compare saving in the third pillar with saving on a savings account of selected bank and find out advantages and disadvantages of the third pillar. There can be two cases based on the results of analysis. The first possibility is that savings account is more profitable, so it is necessary to suggest how we can improve conditions in the third pillar. The second possibility is that the third pillar is better for saving for pension and in this case is necessary to suggest a better propagation, that most of the population has been motivated to use the third pillar.

Time trend, age and sex distribution of deaths from diabetes mellitus at the regional level in the Slovak Republic

AIM To describe the time trends, age and sex distribution of death from diabetes mellitus (E10-E14) as a significant part of endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-E90), during 1996-2014 in the Slovak regions, and to estimate the influence of social characteristics on mortality. METHODS Secondary data on deaths during 1996-2014 were gathered from the National Health Information Center in the Slovak Republic. The total crude death rate per 100,000 of the standard Slovak population and age-standardized death rate per 100,000 of the standard European population were calculated by direct standardization. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS Deaths from diabetes mellitus account for 91.6% of deaths registered in the endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases Chapter. The age-standardized death rate per 100,000 of inhabitants decreased from 19.2 in 1996 to 15.3 in 2014 in the Slovak Republic, although a massive increase of up to 32.5 was reported in 1999. The highest age-standardized death rates per 100,000 inhabitants were typical for the Košice, Nitra and Trenčín regions. On the other hand, the lowest counts were recorded in the Bratislava region. Mortality from diabetes mellitus starts to be evident in the 45-49 year age-group in both sexes. The median age of death for women is lower in the 75-79 year age-group in comparison to men although the total crude death rate for men in lower age groups is higher. After age 80 the situation is reversed. The odds of dying due to endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases decreases by 0.4% each year. The odds of dying are lower by 17% and 12.3%, respectively, in the Žilina and Prešov regions compared to Bratislava region. Women have a higher probability of dying by 38% in contrast to men, and married couples by 16.7% than singles. Age is proved to be an insignificant factor. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the declining trend of mortality from diabetes mellitus, it is necessary to reduce the risk of its incidence by healthier food consumption and physical activity.

Influence of demographic factors on standardised rate ratio of age-adjusted mortality rates of men in comparison with women caused by neoplasms and circulatory diseases in Slovak regions during 1996-2013

AIM The aim of our study was to find statistical associations including trends of standardised rate ratio of age-adjusted mortality rates for the male population as compared to the female population, in relation to available demographic factors (Chapter II - Neoplasms vs. Chapter IX - Diseases of the circulatory system, Slovak region and calendar year of death). METHODS Dataset of individual cases of death in Slovakia with some demographic factors during 1996-2013 were provided by Slovak National Health Information Center. We used regression and correlation analyses, as well as analyses of variance and covariance along with descriptive statistics. RESULTS The standardised rate ratio of age adjusted mortality rates of men versus age-adjusted mortality rates of women differs between Chapter II and Chapter IX (mean 2.08 vs. 1.35, p<0.001). There are also significant differences of standardised rate ratio among regions (p<0.05). Trends show that the standardised rate ratio has significant regional decline for Chapter II: Košice (p<0.01), Trenčín (p<0.001) and Žilina (p<0.05) whereas in Chapter IX Žilina region (p<0.01) is implicated. In other Slovak regions standardised rate ratio stagnates. CONCLUSIONS Standardised rate ratios of age-adjusted mortality rates for the male population compared to the female population are significantly dependent on chapter, sex and region. Standardised rate ratios either decline or stagnate.

Income inequality in non-communicable diseases mortality among the regions of the Slovak Republic

AIM A great amount of non-communicable disease deaths poses a threat for all people and therefore represents the challenge for health policy makers, health providers and other health or social policy actors. The aim of this study is to analyse regional differences in non-communicable disease mortality in the Slovak Republic, and to quantify the relationship between mortality and economic indicators of the Slovak regions. METHODS Standardised mortality rates adjusted for age, sex, region, and period were calculated applying direct standardisation methods with the European standard population covering the time span from 2005 to 2013. The impact of income indicators on standardised mortality rates was calculated using the panel regression models. RESULTS The Bratislava region reaches the lowest values of standardised mortality rate for non-communicable diseases for both sexes. On the other side, the Nitra region has the highest standardised mortality rate for non-communicable diseases. Income quintile ratio has the highest effect on mortality, however, the expected positive impact is not confirmed. Gini coefficient at the 0.001 significance level and social benefits at the 0.01 significance level look like the most influencing variables on the standardised mortality rate. By addition of one percentage point of Gini coefficient, mortality rate increases by 148.19 units. When a share of population receiving social benefits increases by one percentage point, the standardised mortality rate will increase by 22.36 units. CONCLUSIONS Non-communicable disease mortality together with income inequalities among the regions of the Slovak Republic highlight the importance of economic impact on population health.