Mihailo S. Ristić

Essential Oil Composition of Cymbopogon winterianus. and Carum carvi. and Their Antimicrobial Activities

Abstract The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon winterianus. Jowitt (syn. Cymbopogon nardus. (L.) W. Watson var. mahapengiri. Winter) (Poaceae) and Carum carvi. L. (Apiaceae) essential oils were investigated against 19 fungal and 7 bacterial species. Among the tested species were food contaminants, spoilage fungi, as well as plant or fungi and animal pathogens. In order to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), microdilution tests were used. Citronellal and trans.-geraniol were dominant in Cymbopogon winterianus. oil, whereas carvone and limonene were the main components in Carum carvi. oil. The essential oil of C.. carvi. possessed stronger antifungal and antibacterial potential than did citronella oil

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil

Essential oil of Satureja hortensis L. was analyzed by GC and GC/MS and tested by a broth micro-well dilution method for activity against multiresistant clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria from 10 different genera: Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Acinetobacter. The main compounds in the oil were carvacrol (67%), γ-terpinene (15.3%) and p-cymene (6.73%). The oil showed activity against all tested strains. MIC/MBC values were in the range of 0.78-25 μl/ml, with the exception of the strain P. aeruginosa. Microbicidal concentration for this particular strain (50 μl/ml) was the highest tested concentration. The oil showed inhibitory and bactericidal effect at the same concentration (MIC=MBC) for all but three strains.

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Illicium verum and Eugenia caryophyllata essential oils

1) University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden “Jevremovac”, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: simicana@bfbot.bg.ac.yu; 2) Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, Bulevar Despota Stefana142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; 3) Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pancic”, Tadeusa Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 220–221, March–April, 2009. Original article submitted July 18, 2007. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus pannonicus All. (Lamiaceae) essential oil

This paper presents the results of a study on chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus pannonicus All. (Lamiaceae) essential oil from Vojvodina province (north of Serbia). The investigated oil was hydrodistilled from a flowering plant and analysed by GC and GC-MS. Fifty-three constituents were identified (>97% of total oil), with geranial (41.42%, w/w) and neral (29.61%, w/w) as the most prominent. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, two strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and two strains of Candida albicans. The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity to varying degrees against all tested strains. The maximum activity of T. Pannonicus oil was observed against E. coli, S. aureus and both tested strains of C. Albicans (MIC = 50 µ/ml, each). Moderate activity was observed against P. aeruginosa and one of the tested strains of K. Pneumoniae (MIC = 200 µ/ml), while E. faecalis and the other strain of K. Pneumoniae expressed a higher degree of resistance (MIC > 200 µ/ml). This study confirms that essential oil of T. pannonicus possesses remarkable in vitro antimicrobial activity against several medicinally important pathogens. This is attributable to lemon-scented citral, a mixture of geranial and neral, which has well-documented antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria and fungi.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils of Satureja thymbra growing wild in Libya.

The composition of essential oil isolated from Satureja thymbra, growing wild in Libya, was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil was characterized by γ-terpinene (39.23%), thymol (25.16%), p-cymene (7.17%) and carvacrol (4.18%) as the major constituents. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. It possessed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.0967 mg/mL). The essential oil was also screened for its antimicrobial activity against eight bacterial and eight fungal species, showing excellent antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms used, in particular against the fungi. The oil of S. thymbra showed bacteriostatic activity at 0.001–0.1 mg/mL and was bactericidal at 0.002–0.2 mg/mL; fungistatic effects at 0.001–0.025 mg/mL and fungicidal effects at 0.001–0.1 mg/mL. The main constituents thymol, carvacrol and γ-terpinene also showed strong antimicrobial activity. The commercial fungicide bifonazole showed much lower antifungal activity than the tested oil.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Characteristic of the Essential Oils Obtained from the Flower, Leaf and Stem of Salvia officinalis L. Originating from Southeast Serbia

Abstract A comparison of the yield, chemical composition and antimicrobial action of the essential oils obtained from the flower, leaf and stem of Salvia officinalis L., originating from the southeast region of Serbia was carried out. The oils were obtained by different procedures of distillation (water and steam distillation). Water distillation contributed to a larger oil yield from all parts of the herb in comparison to that which could be achieved by steam distillation. All oils studied contained the whole spectrum of characteristic constituents required by the international standard for the chromatographic profile of sage oil such as: α-pinene, camphene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, α- and β-thujone, camphor, linalool, linalyl acetate, bornyl acetate, and α-humulene. Antimicrobial activity was determined by agar diffusion and broth dilution method. The broth dilution method was modified by the use of cellulose discs, and was applied for determination of minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal lethal concentration (MLC). The oil obtained by water distillation had a somewhat higher antimicrobial activity than the oil obtained by steam distillation, independently from the part of the herb.

Susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria and fungi to essential oils of wild Daucus carota

The compositions of the essential oils of wild Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae) from the ripe fruits, unripe fruits, flowers, root, leaves, and stem, collected in Serbia, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oils from all samples contained α-pinene (7.05–51.23%) and sabinene (2.68–36.69%) as major constituents. The other dominant compound in ripe and unripe fruits essential oil was α-muurolene (8.23–10.97%). Antibacterial and antifungal properties of these oils, against eight bacterial and eight fungal strains, were tested by a microdilution technique. The most prominent biological activity was achieved by isolated essential oils of ripe and unripe fruits of D. carota.

Environment-related variations of the composition of the essential oils of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in the Balkan Penninsula.

Composition of the essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis of ten populations from the Balkan Peninsula were determined by GC/FID and GC/MS. The main constituents were 1,8‐cineole, camphor, α‐pinene, and borneol. Multivariate statistical analysis (UPGMA cluster analysis and principal‐component analysis (PCA)) revealed two major types of rosemary oil, i.e., 1,8‐cineole and camphor‐type, and two intermediate types, i.e., camphor/1,8‐cineole/borneol type and 1,8‐cineole/camphor type. The regression analyses (simple linear regression and stepwise multiple regression) have shown that, with respect to basic geographic, orographic, and 19 bioclimatic characteristics of each population, bioclimatic factor temperature of habitat represented the dominant abiogenetic factor, which, in chemical sense, led to differentiation of populations in the studied region. Also, the regression analysis have shown that some constituents of essential oils are independent of any single bioclimatic factors. However, some constituents display statistically significant correlations with some abiotic factors.

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Origanum heracleoticum essential oil

16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, e-mail: simicana@bfbot.bg.ac.yu; 2) Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic,” Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; 3) Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr Josif Pancic,” Tadeusa Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 532-533, September-October, 2008. Original article submitted March 16, 2007.

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil from Juniperus excelsa Berries

Essential oil of Juniperus excelsa Bieb M (Cupressaceae) was evaluated for antifungal activities against 17 micromycetes (Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, A. versicolor, A. flavus, A. terreus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium tricinctum, Penicillium ochrocloron, P. funiculosum, Phomopsis helianthi, Trichoderma viride, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis). Among tested fungal species were the food poisoning species, plant, animal, and human pathogen. The essential oil showed antifungal activity.