Mihály Varga

General waste handling and recycling in particleboard production

This paper aims to analyze general waste handling in Hungarian particleboard production and give solutions based on experimental researches. During our research reuse of waste in Hungarian particleboard production was studied. A wood industrial branch, which can be considered as both a waste “producer” and a waste “re‐user”, recycler was mapped. This allowed an examination and analysis of both sides of waste handling. In the experimental work the effect of recycling dried impregnated decor paper in particleboard production was evaluated. The primary goal was to work out technologies for recycling non‐dangerous materials such as washing water, production and process waste from the cutting of boards. With these technologies general techniques for waste handling in the particleboard industry can be developed. The results of the experiments with impregnated paper showed that by adding crushed impregnated paper the strength of the particleboards can be increased or the same board properties can be achieved with reduced amounts of applied adhesive (UF). Based on this case study the waste handling in Hungarian particleboard companies can be worked out. More experimental researches should be made to give solutions on every waste handling needs. Solutions and advices for the particleboard industry to work in an environmental friendly and economical way are practical implications of the research. This paper was created based on a case study and researches at the University of West Hungary and Hungarian particleboard companies.

Dimensional Tensor Invariants in Geoelectric Prospecting

It is studied whether the one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) tensor invariants really behave like invariants in the field that is whether their values are independent from the position of the current electrodes of the tensorial geoelectric configuration and what kind of results they can produce in numerical modelling and in field situations. It was shown that: 1. the invariants are “less and less” invariants with their increasing dimension number depending more and more on the position of the current electrodes. 2. They produced smaller and smaller anomalies both in their size and amplitude making the detection and interpretation of the anomalies more and more difficult. 3a. The 1D image produced for all models stable, reliable results which are ideal for creating a starting model. 3b. In spite of the uncertainty of the 2D data they improved the quality of the fault field image which has been received using the 1D data only. In the sites with building remnants and furnace however the 2D invariant was not able to give extra information to that obtained by the 1D invariant. 3c. Although the interpretation of the 3D results may be rather complicated it proved to be more useful than that of the 2D data both in the building remnants and furnace field studies. In special cases the 3D invariant may refine the 1D image. In summary the 2D invariant which is sensible to the two-dimensional changes of the subsurface (like that of the in the field practice most often used 2D ERT configuration) and which was expected to produce the best results proved to be almost the less useful in these investigations in spite of that the investigated models were more 2D/3D than 1D. Because even for such models the 1D invariant produced the best results its application is recommended. Regarding however that the 2D and 3D invariants may refine the 1D image even if their results are more uncertain joint interpretation of all dimensional invariants could also be worthwhile. Although the refined model is more risky it can be very useful e.g. in studies where the danger factor is high, e.g. because of filtrating of dangerous fluid or fissuring on the wall of a nuclear waste deposit. In such cases it is better to warn redundantly than eventually not recognize real danger. The results of these investigations should be taken into account in every research area, where tensorial measurements could be carried out, e.g. in magnetotelluric research.