Mikihito Toda

Short- and Long-Term Follow-up of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusion through Transradial Approach: Tips for Successful Procedure from a Single-Center Experience

BACKGROUND  There are limited data regarding transradial percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO). OBJECTIVE  To assess the feasibility and safety of transradial coronary intervention (TRI) for CTO lesions, we analyzed our experience in PCI treatment of CTO lesion through transradial approach for the past 6 years. METHODS  From January 2003 to May 2009, among 134 CTO lesions, on which we performed PCI, 120 lesions were performed from transradial approach. RESULTS  Technical success for transradial CTO was 80%. Complication of access bleeding was zero. The most commonly selected guiding wire was Wave 3 for right coronary artery (RCA) lesions (82%) and Voda left for Left Coronary Artery (LCA) lesions (91%). The average number of wires used during procedure was 2.2 ± 0.8. Tapered wire was used in 8% of the cases, Rotablator was performed in 4.1% of cases, and Tornus catheter was performed in 12.5% of cases. The mean procedure time was 83 ± 39 minutes. The mean volume of contrast medium used was 228 ± 92 mL. There were two coronary artery perforations during procedure and one in-hospital cardiac death. Patients were followed up for 36 ± 21 months; restenosis rate was 19.5%-26.7% for bare metal stent (BMS) and 9.8% for drug-eluting stents (DES). Overall major adverse cardiac events (MACE) rate was 11.7%. CONCLUSION  It was demonstrated that transradial PCI for CTO lesions is safe, minimizing vascular complications without increasing procedural time and contrast use.

Impact of diabetes on long term follow-up of elderly patients with chronic total occlusion post percutaneous coronary intervention

Background The prognosis of elderly patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO) and diabetes mellitus (DM) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is not known. Objective To investigate the effect of diabetes on long-term follow-up of CTO after PCI in elderly patients. Methods A total of 153 elderly patients (age > 65 years old) with CTO lesions which were successfully treated with PCI were enrolled. Fifty one patients with diabetes and 102 without diabetes were compared for long-term outcomes (mean follow up: 36 ± 12 months). Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) which include death, myocardial infarction or target lesion revascularization (TLR) were considered as a combined endpoint. Results The combined endpoint occurred in 29.4% of diabetes patients, and 11.3% of the patients without diabetes (P < 0.05). The Cox proportional hazards model identified: drug eluting stent (DES) or bare metal stent (BMS) (HR: 0.13, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.03–0.62, P = 0.004), DM (HR: 6.69, 95% CI: 1.62–15.81, P = 0.01) and final minimal lumen diameter (MLD) (HR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.13–0.90, P = 0.03 ) as independent predictors of MACE, DM with renal impairment (HR: 6.64, 95% CI: 1.32–33.36, P = 0.02), HBA1C on admission (HR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.09–2.94, P = 0.02), as independent predictors of MACE at long term follow-up. Conclusions The study demonstrates that DM is a predictive factor for MACE in elderly CTO patients treated with PCI, type of stent, final minimal lumen diameter and DM with renal impairment, and HBA1C level on admission are predictors of MACE.

Assessment of Angiographic Coronary Calcification and Plaque Composition in Virtual Histology Intravascular Ultrasound

OBJECTIVES We assessed the relation between coronary plaque composition and angiographic calcification by using virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS). BACKGROUND The plaque vulnerability according to angiographic calcification is unclear. METHODS Subjects were 140 consecutive patients (145 lesions) undergoing VH-IVUS before percutaneous coronary intervention. Subjects were divided into 4 groups: no calcification group (n = 27), spotty group (n = 65) that had calcium deposits under 90° in grayscale IVUS, intermediate group (n = 37) had calcium deposits with 90° or more and under 180°, and extensive group (n = 16) had calcium deposits with 180° or more. RESULTS The number of VH thin-cap fibroatheromas in spotty group was significantly larger than no calcification group, intermediate group, and extensive group (0.66 ± 0.71 vs 0.22 ± 0.42 [P < 0.01], 0.32 ± 0.48 [P < 0.05], 0.13 ± 0.34 [P < 0.01], respectively). Spotty group without angiographic calcification had significantly larger %necrotic core than with angiographic calcification (24.5 ± 6.7% vs 19.9 ± 7.2%, P < 0.05). Intermediate group without angiographic calcification had significantly larger necrotic core area than with angiographic calcification (2.5 ± 0.9 mm(2) vs 1.7 ± 0.9 mm(2) , P < 0.05). Extensive group with angiographic calcification had significantly larger %dense calcium than without angiographic calcification (18.3 ± 4.0% vs 13.4 ± 4.4%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lesions with spotty calcification was highly vulnerable in VH-IVUS. Spotty or intermediate plaque calcification without angiographic calcification was more vulnerable than those with angiographic calcification. Extensive plaque calcification with angiographic calcification had more dense calcium than those without angiographic calcification.

Pericoronary adipose tissue ratio is a stronger associated factor of plaque vulnerability than epicardial adipose tissue on coronary computed tomography angiography

This study was designed to clarify the influence of pericoronary adipose tissue (PAT) on plaque vulnerability using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). A total of 103 consecutive patients who underwent CCTA and subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) for coronary artery disease were enrolled. The PAT ratio was calculated as the sum of the perpendicular thickness of the visceral layer between the coronary artery and the pericardium, or the coronary artery and the surface of the heart at the PCI site, divided by the PAT thickness without a plaque in the same vessel. PAT ratios were divided into low, mid and high tertile groups. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness was measured at the eight points surrounding the heart. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to determine whether the PAT ratio is predictive of vulnerable plaques (positive remodeling, low attenuation and/or spotty calcification) on CCTA or echo-attenuated plaque on IVUS. The Hounsfield unit of obstructive plaques >50% was lower in the high PAT group than in the mid and low PAT groups (47.5 ± 28.8 vs. 53.1 ± 29.7 vs. 64.7 ± 27.0, p = 0.04). In multivariate logistic analysis, a high PAT ratio was an independent, associated factor of vulnerable plaques on CCTA (OR: 3.55, 95% CI: 1.20–10.49), whereas mean EAT thickness was not (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.82–1.83). We observed a similar result in predicting echo-attenuated plaque on IVUS. PAT ratio on CCTA was an associated factor of vulnerable plaques, while EAT was not. These results support the important concept of local effects of cardiac adipose tissue on plaque vulnerability.

Plaque Composition and No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Low-Echoic Structures in Grayscale Intravascular Ultrasound

It has been reported that coronary vasa vasorum is associated with plaque vulnerability, and low-echoic structures in grayscale intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) are consistent pathologically with vasa vasorum. However, the association of low-echoic structures with plaque composition and no-reflow phenomenon during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unclear. We investigated plaque composition in virtual histology IVUS (VH-IVUS) and no-reflow phenomenon during PCI of low-echoic structures.A total of 106 lesions being treated by VH-IVUS before PCI were included in this study. Low-echoic structure was defined as a small tubular structure exterior to media without a connection to the vessel lumen in ≥ 3 consecutive crosssectional IVUS images. Lesions with low-echoic structures were found in 42% (45/106).Lesions with low-echoic structures were more prevalent in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients (53% [24/45] versus 20% [12/61], P < 0.001), had more positive remodeling (49% [22/45] versus 21% [13/61], P = 0.003), a larger number of VH-IVUS derived thin-cap fibroatheromas (VH-TCFAs) (0.64 ± 0.53 versus 0.05 ± 0.22, P < 0.001), more VH-TCFAs with a baseline plaque burden of 70% or more and minimal luminal area of 4.0 mm(2) or less (29% [13/45] versus 2% [1/61], P < 0.001), and more frequent no-reflow phenomenon after stent implantation and more final TIMI flow grade 0/1/2 (38% [17/45] versus 5% [3/61], P < 0.001; 9% [4/45] versus 0% [0/61], P = 0.03) than lesions without low-echo structures.Lesions with low-echoic structures in grayscale IVUS had high plaque vulnerability and were more prevalent in ACS patients, positive remolding, and VH-TCFAs, and they had more frequent no-reflow phenomenon during PCI than lesions without low-echoic structures.

Pulse Pressure and Upstroke Time Are Useful Parameters for the Diagnosis of Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients With Normal Ankle Brachial Index

Background Some peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients have normal ankle brachial index (ABI) (0.9 - 1.4), although ABI is a useful parameter for the diagnosis of PAD. We investigated whether other parameters of ABI report sheet are useful to detect these patients. Methods We initially enrolled 3,912 patients (7,824 limbs) who underwent ABI for the first time. Subjects who have normal ABI were divided into the PAD group (n = 136) and the non-PAD group (n = 240) by lower extremity ultrasonography. We investigated blood pressures (BP) (systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), mean (mBP) and pulse pressure (PP)), heart rate, upstroke time (UT), and %mean arterial pressure (%MAP). Results SBP, mBP, PP, UT, and %MAP in the PAD group were significantly higher. A multivariate analysis showed that mBP, DBP, PP, UT and %MAP were independently associated with the presence of PAD (mBP: odds ratio (OR) 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22 - 4.37, P = 0.010; DBP: OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.28 - 0.97, P = 0.039; PP: OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.69 - 2.46, P = 0.041; UT: OR 3.40, 95% CI 2.03 - 5.83, P < 0.001; %MAP: OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.05 - 2.98, P = 0.031). Maximal area under the curve (AUC) of BPs for associating PAD was PP. The cut-off value of PP was 53.0 mm Hg (sensitivity 0.500, specificity 0.721, AUC 0.628, 95% CI 0.569 - 0.687). Conclusions The present study demonstrated that BPs are associated with PAD in patients with normal ABI. The measurement of BPs could provide additional information for the diagnosis of PAD.

Prognostic Utility of Indoxyl Sulfate for Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Aim: We investigated whether indoxyl sulfate (IS), a protein-bound uremic toxin, predicts prognosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: Serum IS level was determined prospectively in 98 patients who underwent successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ACS. Patients on hemodialysis were excluded. The endpoint of this study was six-month composite events including death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, heart failure requiring hospitalization, and adverse bleeding events. Results: During the mean follow-up period of 168 days, composite events occurred in 13.3% of cases. Serum IS level was significantly higher in subjects who developed composite events than in those without events (0.14 ± 0.11 mg/dl vs. 0.06 ± 0.04 mg/dl; p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, a Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that the IS level (hazard ratio (HR): 10.6; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.63–69.3, p = 0.01), hemoglobin level (HR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.43–0.87; p < 0.01), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91–0.99; p = 0.03) were independent predictive factors of composite events. Furthermore, IS level significantly conferred additional value to the combined established risks of LVEF and hemoglobin level for predicting the incidence of composite events (area under the curve: 0.82 vs. 0.88, p = 0.01; net reclassification improvement: 0.67, p = 0.01; and integrated discrimination improvement: 0.15, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The assessment of serum IS level has prognostic utility for the management of ACS.

LEFT VENTRICULAR END-DIASTOLIC PRESSURE PREDICTS OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION INDEPENDENTLY OF LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION

Background: In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), left ventricular systolic function (LVSF) is associated with prognosis. In the present study, we sought to examine the clinical implication of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in patients with STEMI with

Efficacy and Safety of Triple Therapy and Dual Therapy With Direct Oral Anticoagulants Compared to Warfarin

The efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) with antiplatelet therapy compared to warfarin are unclear. The subjects were 280 patients who received antiplatelet therapy with oral anticoagulation (OAC) for the treatment of or protection from thromboembolism between January 2012 and September 2015. Among the 280 subjects, 79 (28.2%) received dual therapy (OAC plus aspirin or P2Y12 inhibitor) with DOAC, 75 (26.8%) dual therapy with warfarin, 46 (16.4%) triple therapy (OAC plus aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor) with DOAC, and 80 (28.6%) triple therapy with warfarin.Compared to triple therapy with warfarin, triple therapy with DOAC had slightly lower bleeding (3.5 versus 12.0/100 persons-years, HR: 0.24, 95%CI: 0.03 to 1.96, P = 0.183), and similar benefit outcomes (cardiac death, acute myocardial infarction or stroke) and thromboembolism (7.0 versus 10.5, HR: 0.53, 95%CI: 0.10 to 2.75, P = 0.453; 7.0 versus 7.5, HR: 0.96, 95%CI: 0.18 to 5.22, P = 0.964, respectively). Compared to dual therapy with warfarin, dual therapy with DOAC had slightly lower bleeding (3.0 versus 8.4, HR: 0.38, 95%CI: 0.07 to 2.18, P = 0.279), and similar benefit outcomes and thromboembolism (4.6 versus 4.2, HR: 1.66, 95%CI: 0.30 to 9.25, P = 0.565; 4.6 versus 1.4, HR: 3.11, 95%CI: 0.23 to 42.84, P = 0.397, respectively). Bleeding mainly occurred after 3 months (16/17, 94.1%).Triple therapy and dual therapy with DOAC were not inferior to triple therapy and dual therapy with warfarin in terms of major bleeding, benefit outcomes, and thromboembolism. Bleeding mainly occurred in the late phase.

A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL CONTRAST-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY AND NOVEL DEFINITION (KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES) TO PREDICT CARDIOVASCULAR RISKS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME UNDERGOING PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION

The definition of acute kidney injury (AKI) has been currently changing. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the two different definitions of conventional contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) and a novel contrast-induced AKI (CI-AKI) (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) for