Milind Deshpande

4-Thiazolidinones: Novel Inhibitors of the Bacterial Enzyme MurB

4-Thiazolidinones were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the bacterial enzyme MurB. Selected 4-thiazolidinones displayed activity against the enzyme in vitro. This activity, coupled with the design principles of the thiazolidinones, supports the postulate that 4-thiazolidinones may be recognized as diphosphate mimics by a biological selector.

Identification of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Inhibitors

ABSTRACT Using a cell-based replicon screen, we identified a class of compounds with a thiazolidinone core structure as inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. The concentration of one such compound, BMS-824, that resulted in a 50% inhibition of HCV replicon replication was ∼5 nM, with a therapeutic index of >10,000. The compound showed good specificity for HCV, as it was not active against several other RNA and DNA viruses. Replicon cells resistant to BMS-824 were isolated, and mutations were identified. A combination of amino acid substitutions of leucine to valine at residue 31 (L31V) and glutamine to leucine at residue 54 (Q54L) in NS5A conferred resistance to this chemotype, as did a single substitution of tyrosine to histidine at amino acid 93 (Y93H) in NS5A. To further explore the region(s) of NS5A involved in inhibitor sensitivity, genotype-specific NS5A inhibitors were used to evaluate a series of genotype 1a/1b hybrid replicons. Our results showed that, consistent with resistance mapping, the inhibitor sensitivity domain also mapped to the N terminus of NS5A, but it could be distinguished from the key resistance sites. In addition, we demonstrated that NS5A inhibitors, as well as an active-site inhibitor that specifically binds NS3 protease, could block the hyperphosphorylation of NS5A, which is believed to play an essential role in the viral life cycle. Clinical proof of concept has recently been achieved with derivatives of these NS5A inhibitors, indicating that small molecules targeting a nontraditional viral protein like NS5A, without any known enzymatic activity, can also have profound antiviral effects on HCV-infected subjects.

HECK REACTIONS IN SOLID PHASE SYNTHESIS

Abstract Heck reactions of polymer bound aryl iodide ( 1 ) or styrene ( 2 ) with olefins or aryl halides generally gave good yields of products of high purity. The methodology developed can be applied as a convenient procedure for generating 1,2-disubstituted olefins in combinatorial chemical libraries.

AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF GUANIDINO PRODRUGS

Abstract A new class of guanidino prodrug is efficiently synthesized from an amine and an appropriate N,N′-bis(acyloxymethoxycarbonyl)-S-methylisothiourea. The N,N′-bis(acyloxymethoxycarbonyl)-S-methylisothiourea is readily prepared from S-methylisothiourea and the corresponding acyloxymethyl carbonochloridate in good yield. The N,N′-bis(acyloxymethyl carbamate) derivatives of the highly basic guanidino group serve as lipophilic, uncharged, esterase-activatable prodrugs of simple guanidine containing molecules.

Synthesis of a rebeccamycin-related indolo[2,3-a]carbazole by palladium(O) catalyzed polyannulation

Abstract The assembly of the parent Indolo[2,3-a]carbazole ring system, common to rebeccamycin and arcyriaflavin A, is efficiently accomplished by the discovery of a novel palladium(0)-catalyzedpolyannulation reaction, wherein 4 bonds are formed in a single step from a simple monocyclic 1,3-diacetylene precursor. This chemistry further demonstrates the power of palladium(0) in the execution of complex synthetic organic chemistry, and also provides a novel approach to the synthesis of Indolo[2,3-a]carbazole alkaloids, an increasingly important class of bioactive natural products.

Formation of carbon-carbon bond on solid support: Application of the stille reaction

Abstract Vinyl/Aryl stannanes couple smoothly with polymer bound aryl iodides. The cross-coupled products are obtained in excellent yield and purity after cleavage from the solid support.

Inhibitors of HCV NS5A: From Iminothiazolidinones to Symmetrical Stilbenes

The iminothiazolidinone BMS-858 (2) was identified as a specific inhibitor of HCV replication in a genotype 1b replicon assay via a high-throughput screening campaign. A more potent analogue, BMS-824 (18), was used in resistance mapping studies, which revealed that inhibitory activity was related to disrupting the function of the HCV nonstructural protein 5A. Despite the development of coherent and interpretable SAR, it was subsequently discovered that in DMSO 18 underwent an oxidation and structural rearrangement to afford the thiohydantoin 47, a compound with reduced HCV inhibitory activity. However, HPLC bioassay fractionation studies performed after incubation of 18 in assay media led to the identification of fractions containing a dimeric species 48 that exhibited potent antiviral activity. Excision of the key elements hypothesized to be responsible for antiviral activity based on SAR observations reduced 48 to a simplified, symmetrical, pharmacophore realized most effectively with the stilbene 55, a compound that demonstrated potent inhibition of HCV in a genotype 1b replicon with an EC50 = 86 pM.

Selection of Replicon Variants Resistant to ACH-806, a Novel Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitor with No Cross-Resistance to NS3 Protease and NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors

ABSTRACT We have discovered a novel class of compounds active against hepatitis C virus (HCV), using a surrogate cellular system, HCV replicon cells. The leading compound in the series, ACH-806 (GS-9132), is a potent and specific inhibitor of HCV. The selection of resistance replicon variants against ACH-806 was performed to map the mutations conferring resistance to ACH-806 and to determine cross-resistance profiles with other classes of HCV inhibitors. Several clones emerged after the addition of ACH-806 to HCV replicon cells at frequencies and durations similar to that observed with NS3 protease inhibitors and NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Phenotypic analyses of these clones revealed that they are resistant to ACH-806 but remain sensitive to other classes of HCV inhibitors. Moreover, no significant change in the susceptibility to ACH-806 was found when the replicon cellular clones resistant to NS3 protease inhibitors and NS5B polymerase inhibitors were examined. Sequencing of the entire coding region of ACH-806-resistant replicon variants yielded several consensus mutations. Reverse genetics identified two single mutations in NS3, a cysteine-to-serine mutation at amino acid 16 and an alanine-to-valine mutation at amino acid 39, that are responsible for the resistance of the replicon variants to ACH-806. Both mutations are located at the N terminus of NS3 where extensive interactions with the central hydrophobic region of NS4A exist. These data provide evidence that ACH-806 inhibits HCV replication by a novel mechanism.

Inhibitors of Aβ production: solid-phase synthesis and SAR of α-hydroxycarbonyl derivatives

Inhibitors of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein production have been widely pursued as a potential treatment for Alzheimers disease. Following the identification of a 5 μM screening hit, SAR was initiated using solid-phase synthetic techniques. Two series of α-hydroxy esters and ketones which are sub-micromolar inhibitors of Aβ production were identified. The most potent α-hydroxyketone identified is approximately 30-fold more potent than the initial lead.

In Vitro and In Vivo Profiles of ACH-702, an Isothiazoloquinolone, against Bacterial Pathogens

ABSTRACT ACH-702, a novel isothiazoloquinolone (ITQ), was assessed for antibacterial activity against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative clinical isolates and found to possess broad-spectrum activity, especially against antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). For Gram-negative bacteria, ACH-702 showed exceptional potency against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and a Neisseria sp. but was less active against members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Good antibacterial activity was also evident against several anaerobes as well as Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Excellent bactericidal activity was observed for ACH-702 against several bacterial pathogens in time-kill assays, and postantibiotic effects (PAEs) of >1 h were evident with both laboratory and clinical strains of staphylococci at 10× MIC and similar in most cases to those observed for moxifloxacin at the same MIC multiple. In vivo efficacy was demonstrated against S. aureus with murine sepsis and thigh infection models, with decreases in the number of CFU/thigh equal to or greater than those observed after vancomycin treatment. Macromolecular synthesis assays showed specific dose-dependent inhibition of DNA replication in staphylococci, and biochemical analyses indicated potent dual inhibition of two essential DNA replication enzymes: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Additional biological data in support of an effective dual targeting mechanism of action include the following: low MIC values (≤0.25 μg/ml) against staphylococcal strains with single mutations in both gyrA and grlA (parC), retention of good antibacterial activity (MICs of ≤0.5 μg/ml) against staphylococcal strains with two mutations in both gyrA and grlA, and low frequencies for the selection of higher-level resistance (<10−10). These promising initial data support further study of isothiazoloquinolones as potential clinical candidates.