Mimi E. Lam

Fishful Thinking: Rhetoric, Reality, and the Sea Before Us

Fisheries science and management have been shrouded in controversy and rhetoric for over 125 yrs. Human reliance on fish through history (and even prehistory) has impacted the sea and its resources. Global impacts are manifest today in threatened food security and vulnerable marine ecosystems. Growing consumer demand and subsidized industrial fisheries exacerbate ecosystem degradation, climate change, global inequities, and local poverty. Ten commonly advocated fisheries management solutions, if implemented alone, cannot remedy a history of intense fishing and serial stock depletions. Fisheries policy strategies evaluated along five performance modalities (ecological, economic, social, ethical, and institutional) suggest that composite management strategies, such as ecosystem-based management and historically based restoration, can do better. A scientifically motivated solution to the fisheries problem can be found in the restorable elements of past ecosystems, if some of our present ideology, practices, and tastes can be relinquished for this historical imperative. Food and social security can be enhanced using a composite strategy that targets traditional food sources and implements customary management practices. Without binding laws, however, instituting such an ethically motivated goal for fisheries policy can easily be compromised by global market pressures. In a restored and productive ecosystem, fishing is clearly the privilege of a few. The realities of imminent global food insecurity, however, may dictate a strategy to deliberately fish down the food web, if the basic human right to food is to be preserved for all.

Who is Right to Fish? Evolving a Social Contract for Ethical Fisheries

Most debates on government fisheries management, focusing on dramatic fishery collapses, have skirted the ethical dimension implicit in the exploitation, for private gain, of fishery resources that are publicly owned. The privilege to fish, a conditional right often nefariously perceived as a legislated “right,” implies ethical responsibilities linked to marine stewardship. To date, however, granting this privilege to fish has not been legally tethered to the fiduciary responsibilities of businesses to their clients or governments to their citizens: sustainable management of fisheries and conservation of living marine resources. Legal rights must be coupled with moral responsibilities if governments, private fishing enterprises, and civil society are to conserve marine resources for present and future generations. Evolving a social contract for ethical fisheries that explicitly mandates collaborative governance and corporate responsibility can protect public goods and society’s right to fish, both to eat and to exist in the sea.

Computer simulations of heterogeneous crystal growth of atomic systems

The systematic study of the mechanisms of heterogeneous crystal growth has proven somewhat difficult. Here we briefly review previous work in this area. We then report a novel molecular dynamics simulation methodology that has been developed to enable the creation of steady-state crystal growth–melting. We employ this methodology to examine BCC and FCC 001, 011 and 111 crystal faces of systems of spherical particles interacting through Lennard-Jones and inverse sixth-power potentials. Various growth–melting conditions are explored involving different temperature gradients and velocities. Profile functions of various quantities across the interface have been recorded; as measured in the moving frame by the present approach, these functions are effectively averaged over the molecular detail of the interface and become smooth. This characteristic allows for new ways of interpreting profile functions like the energy and local structural order parameters. We find that when the derivative of these profile functions is taken with respect to the z dimension, we obtain consistent peaks that characterize the freezing–melting interfaces. Consequently, the position and width of an interface are easily identified. The interfacial widths calculated show that it is somewhat dependent on the temperature gradient but no dependence on the growth velocity was observed. The interfacial widths are found to decrease in the order 001 > 011 > 111. Furthermore we determine interfacial tensions, which arise directly out of our methodology. We are able to demonstrate that ordering and disordering are distinct and different processes occurring at both the melting and freezing interfaces.

Fish Commoditization: Sustainability Strategies to Protect Living Fish.

The impacts of early fishing on aquatic ecosystems were minimal, as primitive technologies were used to harvest fish primarily for food. As fishing technology grew more sophisticated and human populations dispersed and expanded, local economies transitioned from subsistence to barter and trade. Expanded trade networks and mercantilization led to surplus catches becoming tradable commodities. Today, global export fish commodities, including fresh, frozen, cured, and canned fish, are valued at over US

The microwave spectrum of BrNC18O and the structure of bromine isocyanate

100 billion, but commoditization loses the ecological imperative, with overfishing the result. To sustain global fisheries, human and ecosystem relationships with living fish need to be valued, as fish landed for both food and profit. Toward this end, we propose two decommoditization strategies: (a) valuing cultural property, the intergenerational relationships of people to places, in environmental policy and (b) instituting social subsidies that reward or enable local communities to cooperate in sustaining aquatic living resources, such as with marine protected areas.

Of Fish and Fishermen: Shifting Societal Baselines to Reduce Environmental Harm in Fisheries

Abstract The microwave spectrum of BrNC 18 O has been measured in the frequency region 23–52 GHz. Because the spectrum is that of a prolate near-symmetric rotor with strong a -type and weak b -type transitions, perturbations in the quadrupole hyperfine patterns of Br were used to improve the precision of A 0 . The geometry of the molecule has been determined; in particular, the NCO chain has been found to have a bend of ∼8° away from Br.

The Privilege to Fish

If reasonable fishery harvests and environmental harms are specified in new regulations, policies, and laws governing the exploitation of fish for food and livelihoods, then societal baselines can shift to achieve sustainable fisheries and marine conservation. Fisheries regulations can limit the environmental and social costs or harms caused by fishing by requiring the fishing industry to pay for the privilege to fish, via access fees for the opportunity to catch fish and extraction fees for fish caught; both fees can be combined with a progressive environmental tax to discourage overcapitalization and overfishing. Fisheries policies can be sustainable if predicated on an instrumental and ethical harm principle to reduce fishing harm. To protect the public trust in fisheries, environmental laws can identify the unsustainable depletion of fishery resources as ecological damage and a public nuisance to bind private fishing enterprises to a harm principle. Collaborative governance can foster sustainable fisheries if decision-making rights and responsibilities of marine stewardship are shared among government, the fishing industry, and civil society. As global food security and human welfare are threatened by accelerating human population growth and environmental impacts, decisions of how to use and protect the environment will involve collective choices in which all citizens have a stake - and a right.

Multipole theory of composite pulses. II. Time-reversal and offset-alternating sequences with experimental confirmation

INTRODUCTION Fisheries management has failed to stop overfishing. Private individuals and enterprises that use public fishery resources are subject to legal obligations and harvest rules, though these regulations are often poorly enforced. The privilege to fish is commonly perceived as a right to fish, which has serious consequences for the sustainability of target fish species and conservation of marine resources. To mitigate the collective human impact on marine ecosystems, global society must reconcile the ecological, economic, social, cultural, political, legal, and ethical ramifications of competing human demands on scarce natural resources. This Special Feature is the product of an American Association for the Advancement of Science symposium organized by the guest editors. In the collection of papers that follow, biologists, resource managers, policy analysts, economists, lawyers, tribal leaders, and conservationists tackle pressing issues in marine resource management and governance, such as, “Who is responsible for managing and protecting fishery resources? What governance mechanisms can resolve local and global fishery resource conflicts over shared access rights? How can competitive globalized markets and the visible hand of subsidies be reined in to end the race for fish, and instead, support local communities and global society?” The diverse perspectives captured in this Special Feature reflect the complexity of these issues.

Add ecology to the pre-medical curriculum.

Abstract In the multipole basis, a pure δ pulse has the effect of a rotation of the multipole polarizations with the rotations described by Wigner rotation matrices. By retaining the form of these Wigner rotation matrices, an exact analytical expression for a composite pulse, described by a product of rotations, is given with its explicit dependence to offset Δω RF amplitude ω1 and phase φ. By the analysis of the symmetries of the tilt angle β and azimuthal angle α to these parameters, composite sequences in which off-resonance and phase-distortion effects are minimized can be developed. Experimental confirmation for up to six composite pulses is given.

Comparing the ethics of capture fisheries and aquaculture

In their Letter “Competencies: A cure for pre-med curriculum” (11 November 2011, p. [760][1]), W. A. Anderson and colleagues endorse a proposed shift in pre-medical education toward core competencies. We believe that the specific competencies proposed by the Association of American Medical