Mohamed Sadek

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN, FIBRONECTIN, URINARY BLADDER CANCER ANTIGEN AND VOIDED URINE CYTOLOGY IN THE DETECTION OF BLADDER TUMORS

PURPOSE We evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of nuclear matrix protein-22 (NMP22, Matritech, Newton, Massachusetts), fibronectin and urinary bladder cancer antigen (UBC, IDL Biotech, Borlange, Sweden) compared with voided urine cytology in the detection of bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 168 patients provided a single voided urine sample for NMP22, fibronectin an ideal monoclonal for urinary bladder cancer and cytology before cystoscopy. Cystoscopy was done for all patients as the reference standard for identification of bladder cancer. Biopsy of any suspicious lesion was performed for histopathological examination. Of the 168 cases 100 were histologically diagnosed as bladder cancer, whereas the remaining 68 had benign urological disorders. A group of 47 healthy volunteers were also enrolled in this study. Voided urine was evaluated by NMP22, fibronectin and UBC, and their values were expressed relative to mg. creatinine. RESULTS The optimal threshold values for NMP22, fibronectin and UBC were calculated by receiver operator characteristics curves as 27 units per mg. creatinine, 198 mg./mg. creatinine and 13 ng./mg. creatinine, respectively. The levels and positive rates of the 3 parameters were significantly higher in the malignant group compared to either the benign group or normal controls. Of the entire group NMP22, fibronectin and UBC were positive in 93.2%, 91% and 68.2%, respectively in bladder cancer cases with positive cytology. Moreover, these positive rates were significantly higher in bilharzial bladder cancer cases (58.8%, 67.5%, 58.8%, respectively) compared to nonbilharzial cases (35.6%, 36.3%, 31.1%). Overall sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 91.3% for NMP22, 83% and 82.6% for fibronectin, 67% and 80.8% for UBC and 44% and 100% for voided urine cytology. Combined sensitivity of voided urine cytology with the 3 biomarkers together was higher than either combined sensitivity of voided urine cytology with 1 of the biomarkers or than that of the biomarker alone. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that NMP22 and fibronectin had superior sensitivities compared to UBC and voided urine cytology, while NMP22 and voided urine cytology had the highest specificities. The combined use of markers increased the sensitivity of cytology from 44% to 95.3%. The higher sensitivities of markers in bilharzial than nonbilharzial bladder cancer highlight their clinical use in screening patients with urinary bilharziasis.

Detection of bladder carcinoma by combined testing of urine for hyaluronidase and cytokeratin 20 RNAs

A new, sensitive, noninvasive method for the detection of urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder would open new possibilities in both the diagnosis and followup of patients.

Deeply-Etched Optical MEMS Tunable Filter for Swept Laser Source Applications

In this letter, we report a wide tuning range MEMS-based swept laser source using deep reactive ion etching on an SoI substrate. A MEMS Fabry-Pérot filter with a free-spectral range and a tuning range wider than 94 nm is presented. The measured transmission loss of the filter is between -10.2 and -13.6 dB. This filter is used to construct a swept laser source with 85 nm tuning range. These results represent the widest tuning range reported in literature for an in-plane SoI-MEMS based swept laser source using deeply-etched free-standing distributed-Bragg-reflection mirrors. The recorded tuning range enables the use of the in-plane MEMS filter in optical coherence tomography applications.

Wideband Subwavelength Deeply Etched Multilayer Silicon Mirrors for Tunable Optical Filters and SS-OCT Applications

In this paper, we report subwavelength deeply etched 1000-nm-thick silicon layers using deep etching on an SOI substrate. The subwavelength silicon layers are used to construct wideband multilayer Bragg mirrors showing more than 220-nm 3-dB bandwidth. The mirror reflectivity and effect of silicon layers etching errors are estimated using optical measurements. The deeply etched mirrors are used to realize a 125-nm-tuning range Fabry-Perot tunable with a free spectral range of 130 nm enabled by the MEMS technology. The filter has input/output fibers inserted into micromachined grooves with in-plane axis aligned with the filter mirrors. The filter is utilized in a ring laser swept source configuration with a semiconductor optical amplifier. The swept source has 100-nm tuning range and 0.13-nm 3-dB linewidth.

In-plane deeply-etched optical MEMS notch filter with high-speed tunability

Notch filters are used in spectroscopy, multi-photon microscopy, fluorescence instrumentation, optical sensors and other life science applications. One type of notch filter is based on a fiber-coupled Fabry–Perot cavity, which is formed by a reflector (external mirror) facing a dielectric-coated end of an optical fiber. Tailoring this kind of optical filter for different applications is possible because the external mirror has fewer mechanical and optical constraints. In this paper we present optical modeling and implementation of a fiber-coupled Fabry–Perot filter based on dielectric-coated optical fiber inserted into a micromachined fiber groove facing a metallized micromirror, which is driven by a high-speed MEMS actuator. The optical MEMS chip is fabricated using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) technology on a silicon on insulator wafer, where the optical axis is parallel to the substrate (in-plane) and the optical/mechanical components are self-aligned by the photolithographic process. The DRIE etching depth is 150 μm, chosen to increase the micromirror optical throughput and improving the out-of-plane stiffness of the MEMS actuator. The MEMS actuator type is closing-gap, while its quality factor is almost doubled by slotting the fixed plate. A low-finesse Fabry–Perot interferometer is formed by the metallized surface of the micromirror and a cleaved end of a standard single-mode fiber, for characterization of the MEMS actuator stroke and resonance frequency. The actuator achieves a travel distance of 800 nm at a resonance frequency of 89.9 kHz. The notch filter characteristics were measured using an optical spectrum analyzer, and the filter exhibits a free spectral range up to 100 nm and a notch rejection ratio up to 20 dB around a wavelength of 1300 nm. The presented device provides batch processing and low-cost production of the filter.

Deeply-etched micromirror with vertical slit and metallic coating enabling transmission-type optical MEMS filters

In this work we report a novel optical MEMS deeply-etched mirror with metallic coating and vertical slot, where the later allows reflection and transmission by the micromirror. The micromirror as well as fiber grooves are fabricated using deep reactive ion etching technology, where the optical axis is in-plane and the components are self-aligned. The etching depth is 150 μm chosen to improve the micromirror optical throughput. The vertical optical structure is Al metal coated using the shadow mask technique. A fiber-coupled Fabry-Pérot filter is successfully realized using the fabricated structure. Experimental measurements were obtained based on a dielectric-coated optical fiber inserted into a fiber groove facing the slotted micromirror. A versatile performance in terms of the free spectral range and 3-dB bandwidth is achieved.

Effect of ring width on ring generated Bessel beam

In this work we study the effect of the ring width on the performance of a ring generated Bessel beam. Experimental results and simulation model for ring generated Bessel beams are investigated and compared. The simulation model is based on Fourier optics. The effect of varying the ring radius and the ring width on the Bessel beam parameters like the axial intensity and the detected output power transported by the beam passing through the ring is studied. A good agreement is found between the simulation model and the measurements. Larger ring width led to higher efficiency (output power) but to less beam quality.

MEMS tunable-finesse slotted micromirror resonator

Tunable finesse optical filters and resonators are required for some applications when the signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution are traded-off to optimize the system performance. They can be used as well to control the amount of energy stored inside the resonator that can be used for optical trapping and atomistic studies. In this work we report a tunable finesse optical MEMS filter in deeply-etched SOI technology. The structure is composed of an optical cavity formed between a multilayer dielectric-coated optical fiber and slotted micromirror, attached to a comb-drive actuator. The cavity length between the multilayer Bragg coated fiber and the slotted micromirror is constant, while the slit width is being varied. The slit width is controlled by the applied voltage on the actuator. Changing the slit width modulates the reflectivity of the micromirror; and hence the finesse of the optical cavity. The obtained finesse is tuned by a factor of 5 across the band of 1330 nm and 1550 nm.

Deeply-Etched MEMS Slotted Micromirrors With Controlled Transmittance

In this paper, we report the analysis, fabrication, and characterization of metallized slotted micromirrors for optical MEMS applications. A scalar model for the transmittance of the micromirror with a vertical slit using Gaussian beam analysis is developed and a closed-form expression is obtained. Detailed finite difference time domain simulation is carried out for the micromirror transmittance to understand the effect of polarization and bench mark the developed model for slit width-to-wavelength ratios in the range 0 to 8. A MEMS chip is designed comprising fiber grooves and variable slit micromirror controlled by a comb-drive actuator. The chip is fabricated using deep reactive ion etching of silicon-on-insulator substrate with 100-

D1. High frequency in-plane MEMS actuator

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