Mohammad Saad Alam

A Comprehensive Review of Wireless Charging Technologies for Electric Vehicles

The profitable commercialization and fast adoption of electrified transportation require fast, economical, and reliable charging infrastructure. This paper provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of all the wireless charging technologies for electric vehicle (EVs), characteristics and standards available in the open literature, as well as sustainable implications and potential safety measures. A comparative overview of conductive charging and wireless charging is followed by a detailed description of static wireless charging, dynamic wireless charging (DWC), and quasi-DWC. Roadblocks, such as coil design of power pads, frequency, power level limitations, misalignment, and potential solutions, are outlined. The standards are then tabulated to deliver a coherent view of the current status, followed by an explanation of the crux of these standards. Necessity and progress in the standardization of wireless charging systems are then deliberated. Vehicle-to-grid application of wireless charging is reviewed followed by an overview of economic analysis, social implications, the effect on sustainability, and safety aspects to evaluate the commercial feasibility of wireless charging. This paper will be highly beneficial to research entities, industry professionals, and investment representatives as a ready reference of the wireless charging system of EVs, with information on important characteristics and standards.

Optimal Sizing and Analysis of Solar PV, Wind, and Energy Storage Hybrid System for Campus Microgrid

Abstract To mitigate the hazardous effect of increasing energy demand and global warming, the Renewable Energy Sources (RESs)-based smart microgrids are gaining massive attention. However, intermittency, as well as the volatile nature of RESs, make it challengeable task. To confront the wavering of voltage profile and power flow in microgrids, the Energy Storage System (ESS) and Diesel Generators are being used as a backup power supply. On national as well as international scale, a vast list of the Universities with a growing number of departments, centers, and hostels add up a mass amount of energy demand. The study of electricity consumption trend in Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) provides vital information to analyze, design, and implement a suitable solution for the deployment of the microgrid. In this work, Polygeneration based on various smart microgrid topologies in both modes of operation (i.e. grid-connected and off-grid mode) is studied. To execute the economic and feasibility analysis, HOMER® is used as simulating and optimizing tool. On the basis of minimum Net Present Cost (NPC) from the various topologies, best solution is recommended. The obtained results show that the total system cost under solar PV + Battery (PV + B) mode is 1419.6 million INR, which is approx. 64.2% higher as compared to the current existing scenario (864.2 million INR), while, the total system cost under (Grid + Solar PV) G + PV mode is 494.92 million, which is approx. 57.2 % lower as compared to the current existing scenario. The comparative study of the environmental and economic structure of proposed topology with existing one reveals that, under the proposed topology, 3.636*106 kg of CO2, 1.578*104 kg of SO2, and 7.7*103 kg of NOX will be mitigated.

A Comprehensive Review on Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Charging System

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular in many countries of the world. EVs are proving more energy efficient and environmental friendly than ICEVs. But the lack of charging stations restricts the wide adoption of EVs in the world. As EV usage grows, more public spaces are installing EV charging stations. On the other hand, if EVs are charged via existing utility grid powered by fossil fuel-based generation system, then it affects the distribution system and could not be environmentally friendly. As solar has great potential to generate the electricity from PV panel, the charging of EVs from PV panels would be a great solution and also a sustainable step toward the environment. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of solar PV-EV charging systems and deployment in the world. Analytical methods were proposed to obtain information about EV charging behavior, modes of charging station operation, and geolocation of charging station users. The methodology presented here was time- and cost-effective, and very helpful to the researchers and students in this field.

A Comprehensive Review of Fast Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles

Abstract The idea of electrified transportation is envisioned to be a promising approach to alleviate the issue of climate change. However, a cost-effective commercialization and wide acceptance of electrified transportation necessitates the development of an economical, reliable, and fast charging infrastructure. The incorporation of a well-defined electric vehicle (EV) fast charging infrastructure in the smart grid can offer numerous potential opportunities, particularly from the perspective of vehicle to grid (V2G) technology as well as a solution to the renewable energy intermittency issue. This work reviews the state-of-the-art technology for fast charging of electric vehicles with a comprehensive coverage of the research work done related to the challenges and road blocks to be encountered in its implementation. A comparison of conductive and inductive charging systems is presented followed by an overview of the charging standards and a discussion on the topologies presented in the literature for fast charging stations. A detailed account is presented concerning the issues and opportunities on integration of fast charging infrastructure with grid. The economic aspects of fast charging infrastructure along with an overview of prospective areas for future research in this field are also presented.

Fuzzy Control Assisted Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Energy Management System

Abstract In developing and underdeveloped countries, the electric power generation doesn’t suffice the electrical energy demand. With no or incorrect peak load controlling schemes, load shedding is very common. Regular unscheduled power outage for hours creates the demand for residential microgrid and the need of home-based standby power supply. Normally, a low-capacity stand-by inverter power supply is used for essential/emergency loads. Electric vehicle batteries have massive energy storage capacity and can be potentially utilized as backup power supply for most of the home loads during load shedding or blackout. Moreover, solar energy can also be utilized to charge plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to further enhance the backup power for home loads and to make it a residential microgrid. In this work, a fuzzy logic inference system is utilized for efficient power management and utilization of V2H. It imitates the decision-making process of charging/discharging of the PEV battery through priority decision-making of power management and emergency backup power supply of a typical home in developing countries like India.

Efficiency enhancement of wireless charging for Electric vehicles through reduction of coil misalignment

In response to the ever increasing pollution levels and depleting fossil fuels, Plug-in Electric vehicle, hybrid electric vehicle and Electric vehicle (xEVs) technologies are emerging successfully in the automotive industry. The range anxiety issue of the xEVs customers are being addressed through various charging methods. The major hurdle in adoption of xEV is deployment of charging infrastructure. The wireless charging technology is being mechanized as a preferred option in the evolving xEV market. A substantive issue in the commercialization of wireless charging is the misalignment of the vehicle and the charging pad. This paper proposes and discusses a scheme which can significantly adjust the alignment between the coils by the deliberate movement of the receiver coil in response to the magnetic field of the transmitter coil. This will reduce the additional technique required for misalignment.

Load shedding mitigation through plug-in electric Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) system

Electric vehicle batteries have massive energy storage capacity and can potentially utilize also as backup power supply for home loads during load shedding or blackout. Additionally, solar energy can be utilized to charge plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to further enhance the backup power for home loads. In this work, a fuzzy logic inference system is utilized for efficient power management and utilization of V2H. It imitates the decision-making process of charging/discharging of the PEV battery through priority decision making of power management and emergency backup power supply of a typical home in developing countries like India.

A Review of the Electric Vehicle Charging Techniques, Standards, Progression and Evolution of EV Technologies in Germany

Abstract Electric Vehicle development has been adopted as one of the national policies by the German Government as the country desires to reduce carbon emissions and address energy problem. Germany has invested a lot in the EV development. Since the launch of National Platform Electromobility in 2010 there has been continuous development in EV industry of Germany. In this paper, first the EV charging technologies are discussed, which is then followed by the elaboration of the EV charging standards by the major standardization organizations. The study then mentions the status quo and projected development of EV technology in Germany focusing on the development of charging infrastructure and battery technology. This is followed by highlighting the efforts made by German auto manufactures in the field of Electromobility and comparison with their American and Chinese counterparts. The paper then identifies the hurdles that are present in the path of achieving the goal of 1 million EVs by 2020. Then, overview of the EV developing strategy in Germany to address the challenges is presented which is followed by conclusions and references.

Public Opinion on Viability of x EVs in India

This work demonstrates a smart charging system of electric vehicle using information technology and cloud computing. xEVs (electric plugin hybrid, battery electric vehicles) charging management system will be very helpful for the varying charging infrastructure demands, namely perspectives from automakers, electricity providers, vehicle owners, and charging service providers. Through dedicated interface, the developed system will provide real-time information to xEV users regarding nearest charging station with minimum queuing delay and with minimum charging cost through a secured online accessing mechanism for accessing state of charge (SOC) of the xEV’s battery being charged. The system not only provide an execution framework for the xEV users but also provide an optimal energy trading solution to all entities involved in a smart charging infrastructure such as charging station, aggregators, smart grid. The work also explains the cloud-enabled bidding strategies that look for day-ahead and term-ahead markets. The aggregators will use the smart decisions undertaken by cloud analytics to execute their bidding strategies in way to maximize the profit. Further, the work also assesses the possible cybersecurity aspects of such architectures along with providing possible solutions.

Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in India: Viability Analysis

Rising pollution is a cause of major concern for the Indian cities. Extensive reliance on IC engine-based vehicles as the principal means of transport has raised serious environmental concerns. To address the ongoing problems, there is increased emphasis on developing high-efficient, emission-free means of transport. Keeping this in view, electric and hybrid vehicles appear to be the best alternatives for replacing the conventional vehicles. But wide adoption of electric vehicles will require residential as well as public charging infrastructure analogues to petrol pumps. Level 1, Level 2, and fast EV charging stations have been installed in various countries in the world. A detailed exploration is required to develop a similar customized infrastructure for the Indian market. This work provides a detailed overview of the various technologies and viable options in terms of power quality, power electronic converter topologies, and energy management options optimally feasible in India. Recent policies and initiatives taken by the Government are also presented in this paper.