Mohd Imran

Metal Tolerance and Biosorption Potential of Soil Fungi: Applications for a Green and Clean Water Treatment Technology

Heavy metals pose a significant ecological and public health hazard because of their toxic effects and their ability to accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic food chains. This chapter addresses the interactions of heavy metals with organisms for application in wastewater or soil treatment systems, with special emphasis on yeasts and fungi. Conventional techniques to remove metals from wastewaters have several disadvantages; however, biosorption has demonstrated significant metal removal performance from large volumes of effluents. One key step of treatment processes for cleanup of heavy metal-enriched water or soil involves growing resistant cells that accumulate metals to optimize removal through a combination of biosorption and continuous metabolic uptake. Fungal biosorption can be used for the removal of metals from contaminated water and soil; fungal biosorbents are less expensive and more effective alternatives for the removal of metallic elements, especially heavy metals, from aqueous solution. In this chapter, the biosorption abilities of fungal biomass toward metal ions are emphasized. The chapter also highlights the mechanisms involved in fungal biosorption and the factors affecting the biosorption process. The current status and achievements of fungal biosorption technologies are reviewed.

Review of Hierarchical Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent few years has seen a tremendous advancement in wireless communication technology. This advancement has opened a door for researchers to work in the area of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for use in a broad array of real-life applications. An enormous number of remotely deployed autonomous sensors gather data from their vicinity and communicate it to the base station after processing. The sensors communicate through some wireless strategies governed by routing protocols, which has a great impact on the performance of sensor networks. With this insight, we extensively surveyed routing protocols for WSNs. The network structure leads to the broad classification of WSNs’ protocols in three foremost classes: flat, hierarchical, and location based routing. Cluster-based routing provides certain advantages over others like scalability, increased network lifetime and efficient data aggregation. In this work, we study and provide a detailed survey of famous hierarchical routing protocols, a taxonomy of hierarchical routing protocols along with the design challenges and also present a comparative analysis based on their traits and limitations.

Skin Detection Based Intelligent Alarm Clock Using YCbCr Model

In this paper, we are implementing an Intelligent Alarm Clock using skin detection approach and YCbCr color space model. This novel application is designed by keeping in mind the busy schedule and fast paced life of people living in this era. Focusing on the data and reports provided by various health organization, total time which is vital for comfortable sleep and peace of mind in an average adult is six or more than six hours on daily basis [1]. In the current scenario of hectic schedule of working in society, spare time of six hours still sound pretty compromising but, in reality, though, it is leading towards chronicle sleep deficiency. Deriving the inspiration from various research references, this alarm clock works on sleeping pattern of a person using Digital Image Processing. This work can be of great help for people suffering from sleeping disorders and hypersomnia. It is implemented using MATLAB. The tool used includes webcam, Image Processing Toolkit, and Image Acquisition Toolbox available in MATLAB.

Performance analysis of LTE networks in varying spectral bands

The ever increasing number of mobile broadband users requires the availability of enhanced data services. Long Term Evolution or LTE is the evolution of High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), which was standardized by third generation partnership project (3GPP) Release 8 in order to meet the increasing demand of faster and more efficient mobile internet access today by supporting the larger bandwidth. This paper analyses the performance of LTE network in varying spectral frequency bands. Using network simulator-2, ns-2, the parameters that had greater impact on the performance were studied. The main key parameters which were used to evaluate the key performance analysis are throughput, average throughput and jitter. Based on the simulation results, we have concluded that throughput remains same at different frequency bands if bandwidth and modulation type is same. Average throughput also does not change with the change in frequency band, but average throughput is lower in comparison to throughput because same bandwidth is shared by all the nodes. Thus, we can say average throughput decreases with increase in number of nodes. Jitter does not have any specific trend normally it increases with the increase in frequency band, sometimes it is same as frequency band increases and it also decreases when frequency band increases.