Mohd Nurazzi Norizan

Thermal Degradation and Microhardness Analysis of Polyene with Modified Oil Resin

Thermal degradation of polyene synthesized from recycle polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and hardness of polyene coated with modified oil has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and microhardness test. The synthesized polyene from reaction of recycle PVC were varied from 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours and their thermal stability has been analyzed. From differential thermal gravimetric, DTG curve, polyene from two hours reaction showed the highest degradation temperature up to 445°C due to degradation of polyene sequences. Microhardness test performed by Shimadzu DUH 211/DUH-211S dynamic ultra microhardness tester according to ASTM E384 showed that polyene derived from 2 hours PVC with modifed oil resin resulted in the highest microhardness ~ 107.99 MPa.

Effect of Epoxidized Oil on Tensile and Tear Strength of NR Vulcanizate and its Comparison with Aromatic Oil NR Vulcanizates

Epoxidized oil (EO) is a sustainable oil that can be obtained form edible or non-edible naturals oil. The incorporation of epoxidized oil can increase the green component in rubber compound. It can contributes to worldwide technology specially in green tyre manufacturing. Epoxidized oil has the potential to replace aromatic oil (AO) to rubber and polymer industry. The effect of incorporation of EO and AO into natural rubber vulcanizates (NR) was studied via tensile and tear strength tests according to ISO 31-1977 and ISO 6133, respectively. Tensile strength of AO value showed greather value compared to EO. Gradual increases of elongation were observed form both AO and EO. Both moduli at 100% and 300% elongation, showed reductions as oil loading were increased. The tear strength results showed that tearing energy insignificantly increased with oil loading. EO compound was found to possess higher tearing energy compared to AO compound for most composition except for 15 pphr EO.

Flame retardancy and curing characteristic determination for different flame retardant incorporated with unsaturated polyester composites

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of three different types of flame retardant (FR) incorporated with unsaturated polyester composites on flame retardancy effect and curing characteristic. Three different types of FR used are phosphate ester, tin oxide and melamine. Each sample with two different loadings of 2.5% and 5% of FR were prepared using hand lay-up method. The flame retardancy effect of composites was analysed according to ASTM D635 while gel time determination for the curing characteristic analysis. Results showed that the higher the amount of FR incorporated, the higher the flame resistance of the composites. Up to 5.0% of FR loadings, phosphate ester shows better performance of the flame retardancy effect as compared to tin oxide and melamine. The rate of burning had improved for phosphate ester, melamine and tin oxide with 0.067mm/sec, 0.116mm/sec and 0.129mm/sec respectively compared to composite without FR with 0.357mm/sec. Physical observation during the combustion proces...

Physical and morphological properties of filled calcium carbonate/kenaf fibre/rice husk polypropylene hybrid composite

Polypropylene (PP) hybrid composite comprising sustainable fillers namely lignocellulosic kenaf fiber and rice husk fillers were compounded along with fixed calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were investigated in this study. The hybrid composite employed kenaf filler with the size of 2000 mesh were mixed at variable ratios of kenaf fiber (KF) and rice husk (RH) particulates with fixed 20% of CaCO3 and PP as matrix. The effect of lignocellulosic fillers for both kenaf fiber and rice husk particulate incorporated CaCO3/PP hybrid composite on the physical properties such as the density and water absorption properties and their morphology were investigated. Morphological observation of the fractured hybrid composite surface was studied using Field Emission Scanning Microscope (FESEM). Hybrid composite was found that a higher density of hybrid composite was observed as higher ratios of rice husk were incorporated and overall density range observed were within 1.22 – 1.25 g/cm3. Water absorption immersion in water at room temperature analyses showed that higher kenaf and lower rice rusk ratios exhibited higher water absorption than higher rice husk and lower kenaf ratio with least and highest water absorption for 10 % KF with 30 % RH and 35 % KF with 5 % RH ratios respectively. FESEM microscopy images confirmed the particulate interaction between 10% KF And 30% RH of the hybrid matrix. Interactions between RH and KF particulate are defined by the cellulose intertwined which efficiently filled the available matrices of the hybrid composite.Polypropylene (PP) hybrid composite comprising sustainable fillers namely lignocellulosic kenaf fiber and rice husk fillers were compounded along with fixed calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were investigated in this study. The hybrid composite employed kenaf filler with the size of 2000 mesh were mixed at variable ratios of kenaf fiber (KF) and rice husk (RH) particulates with fixed 20% of CaCO3 and PP as matrix. The effect of lignocellulosic fillers for both kenaf fiber and rice husk particulate incorporated CaCO3/PP hybrid composite on the physical properties such as the density and water absorption properties and their morphology were investigated. Morphological observation of the fractured hybrid composite surface was studied using Field Emission Scanning Microscope (FESEM). Hybrid composite was found that a higher density of hybrid composite was observed as higher ratios of rice husk were incorporated and overall density range observed were within 1.22 – 1.25 g/cm3. Water absorption immersion in water at ro...

Effect of thermal characteristics of different plasticisers for PVOH/sago SS blends and its weight loss degradation upon soil burial

In this study of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH)/SS were blended with two types of natural-based plasticizers namely, Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) and Sorbitol. Thermal characteristics encompassing gelation temperature of sago starch (SS) and their enthalpy were investigated. For soil burial exposure, films were buried and weight loss for before and after two weeks were followed; the samples were exposed to soil burial tests on Malaysian soil with humidity not less than 70%. Degradation stage of the film was followed via their weight loss. From soil burial tests, the weight loss showed the degradation rate is much faster for sorbitol based blend system. Phase morphology of PVOH/SS plasticizers was viewed via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the DSC thermograph, the enthalpy formation of the ESO/ Starch is much greater than with Sorbitol and the onset of gelation were much lower for ESO SS blend. From soil burial tests, the weight loss showed the degradation rate is much faster for PVOH/ SS blend of 30:70 composition using ESO, while for sorbitol the degradation is much faster using 20:70 composition. It was found out that, the use of two different plasticisers can alter the degradation rate of the PVOH SS. From the SEM, plasticizing with ESO showed good ESO compatibility with PVOH that gives good strength.In this study of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH)/SS were blended with two types of natural-based plasticizers namely, Epoxidized Soybean Oil (ESO) and Sorbitol. Thermal characteristics encompassing gelation temperature of sago starch (SS) and their enthalpy were investigated. For soil burial exposure, films were buried and weight loss for before and after two weeks were followed; the samples were exposed to soil burial tests on Malaysian soil with humidity not less than 70%. Degradation stage of the film was followed via their weight loss. From soil burial tests, the weight loss showed the degradation rate is much faster for sorbitol based blend system. Phase morphology of PVOH/SS plasticizers was viewed via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the DSC thermograph, the enthalpy formation of the ESO/ Starch is much greater than with Sorbitol and the onset of gelation were much lower for ESO SS blend. From soil burial tests, the weight loss showed the degradation rate is much faster for PVOH/ SS blend of 30:70...

Elemental Analysis and Wettability Properties of Polyene with Epoxidised Oil Based Coating

Presence of chlorine in by product of degradation process from polyvinyl chloride was analysed through structural feature changes and elemental analysis. Coating samples with polyene was also tested for its wettability via contact angle. Analyzing the elimination of chlorine content from polyvinylchloride through chemical dechlorination with tetrahydrofuran (THF) has been studied via FTIR spectra, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and static contact angle measurement. Qualitative value of decreasing chlorine content of polyene at 2 hours reaction time was found to be about 96% from supplied PVC. All treated samples at different reaction time of polyene synthesize showed good wettability properties since the contact angle value were less than 90o.