Mohd. Sajid Ali

Interaction of amphiphilic drugs with human and bovine serum albumins

To know the interaction of amphiphilic drugs nortriptyline hydrochloride (NOT) and promazine hydrochloride (PMZ) with serum albumins (i.e., human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)), techniques of UV-visible, fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies are used. The binding affinity is more in case of PMZ with both the serum albumins. The quenching rate constant (k(q)) values suggest a static quenching process for all the drug-serum albumin interactions. The UV-visible results show that the change in protein conformation of PMZ-serum albumin interactions are more prominent as compared to NOT-serum albumin interactions. The CD results also explain the conformational changes in the serum albumins on binding with the drugs. The increment in %α-helical structure is slightly more for drug-BSA complexes as compared to drug-HSA complexes.

Spectroscopic studies on the interaction between novel polyvinylthiol-functionalized silver nanoparticles with lysozyme

Silver nanoparticles were functionalized with polyvinylthiol (Ag-PVT) and their effect on the conformation of hen-egg white lysozyme was seen by means of spectroscopic techniques, viz., UV visible, fluorescence (intrinsic and synchronous), resonance Rayleigh scattering and circular dichroism. UV absorption spectra of lysozyme show a hyperchromic shift on the addition of Ag-PVT nanoparticles indicating the complex formation between the two. The interaction between lysozyme and Ag-PVT nanoparticles was takes place via static quenching with 1:1 binding ratio as revealed by the analysis of fluorescence measurements. Circular dichroism spectroscopic data show a decrease in α-helical content of lysozyme on interaction with Ag-PVT nanoparticles which was due to the partial unfolding of the protein. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy disclosed that the microenvironments of both tryptophan and tyrosine residues were perturbed in the presence of Ag-PVT nanoparticles and perturbation in the tryptophan environment was more prominent. Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensity increases on increasing the Ag-PVT nanoparticles concentration till it reaches to the saturation. The RRS intensity increases four times as compared to the native protein indicating the possibility of protein aggregation at higher concentrations of nanoparticles.

Spectroscopic approach of the interaction study of amphiphilic drugs with the serum albumins.

The interaction of the amphiphilic drugs, i.e., amitriptyline hydrochloride (AMT) and promethazine hydrochloride (PMT), with serum albumins (i.e., human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)), has been examined by the various spectroscopic techniques, like fluorescence, UV-vis, and circular dichroism (CD). Fluorescence results indicate that in case of HSA-drug complexes the quenching of fluorescence intensity at 280 nm is less effective as compared to at 295 nm while in case of BSA-drug complexes both have almost same effect and for most of drug-serum albumin complexes there is only one independent class of binding. For all drug-serum albumin complexes the quenching rate constant (K(q)) values suggest the static quenching procedure. The UV-vis results show that the change in protein conformation of PMT-serum albumin complexes was more prominent as compared to AMT-serum albumin complexes. The CD results also explain the conformational changes in the serum albumins on binding with drugs. The increase in α-helical structure for AMT-serum albumin complexes is found to be more as compared to PMT-serum albumin complexes. Hence, the various spectroscopic techniques provide a quantitative understanding of the binding of amphiphilic drugs with serum albumins.

Complexation behavior of gelatin with amphiphilic drug imipramine hydrochloride as studied by conductimetry, surface tensiometry and circular dichroism studies

Herein we report our studies carried out on the interaction between IMP and gelatin in aqueous medium at 25°C using conductimetry, surface tensiometry and circular dichroism (CD) techniques. Both surface tensiometry and conductimetry results indicate that the drug interacts with the gelatin in a surfactant-like manner, i.e., both critical aggregation (cac) and polymer saturation points (psp) were observed. The interaction starts with the formation of a highly surface-active complex as revealed by the lowering of surface tension on the addition of drug to the macromolecule. The decrease in cac on increasing gelatin concentration is an indication of the strong interaction between gelatin and IMP. However, at low concentration of gelatin the interaction was not much strong as exposed by surface tension study, i.e., the cac was not very clear (as with higher gelatin concentrations). As usual, the psp increased on increasing the gelatin concentration and was always higher than the critical micelle concentration of the drug in pure aqueous medium. Using CD measurements the influence of IMP on the secondary structure of gelatin in aqueous solutions was also investigated. CD studies (performed at very low drug concentrations) illustrated that the random coil content of gelatin increases with increasing drug concentration. Free energies of aggregation (ΔG(agg)) and micellization (ΔG(mic)) were computed with the help of degrees of micelle ionization obtained from the specific conductivity - [IMP] plots.

Effect of alkyl chain length, head group and nature of the surfactant on the hydrolysis of 1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-dione and its derivatives.

The alkaline hydrolysis of carsalam (2H-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4(3H)-dione), denoted as I, and its N-substituted derivatives i.e., N-methyl-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-dione (II) and N-benzoyl-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4-dione (III) was studied spectrophotometrically at physiological temperature. The rate of hydrolysis was found to be independent on the substrate concentration. In case of I, the reaction was fractional order with respect to [OH(-)] while for II and III, reaction obeyed the first order kinetics. Effect of cationic surfactants with varying hydrophobic chains (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, TTAB and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, DTAB) and with different head-group (cetyl pyridinium chloride, CPC) and anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) was also seen on the rate of alkaline hydrolysis of the carsalam and its derivatives. Cationic surfactants first catalyzed the rate of hydrolysis at lower concentrations followed by the inhibition at higher concentrations. The length of the alkyl chain had remarkable effect on the catalytic efficiency of the surfactants. Similarly N-substitution on substrate also increased the catalysis by micelles. The anionic surfactant SDS inhibited the rate of hydrolysis at all of the concentrations studied. The catalysis by cationic micelles followed by inhibition was treated in terms of the pseudophase ion-exchange model, while for the inhibition by SDS micelles the Menger-Portnoy model was used to fit the data. The effect of salts (NaCl, NaBr and (CH(3))(4)NBr) was also seen on the hydrolysis of II and it was found that all salts inhibited the rate of reaction. The inhibition follows the trend NaCl

Rosin Surfactant QRMAE Can Be Utilized as an Amorphous Aggregate Inducer: A Case Study of Mammalian Serum Albumin

Quaternary amine of diethylaminoethyl rosin ester (QRMAE), chemically synthesized biocompatible rosin based cationic surfactant, has various biological applications including its use as a food product additive. In this study, we examined the amorphous aggregation behavior of mammalian serum albumins at pH 7.5, i.e., two units above their isoelectric points (pI ~5.5), and the roles played by positive charge and hydrophobicity of exogenously added rosin surfactant QRMAE. The study was carried out on five mammalian serum albumins, using various spectroscopic methods, dye binding assay, circular dichroism and electron microscopy. The thermodynamics of the binding of mammalian serum albumins to cationic rosin modified surfactant were established using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). It was observed that a suitable molar ratio of protein to QRMAE surfactant enthusiastically induces amorphous aggregate formation at a pH above two units of pI. Rosin surfactant QRMAE-albumins interactions revealed a unique interplay between the initial electrostatic and the subsequent hydrophobic interactions that play an important role towards the formation of hydrophobic interactions-driven amorphous aggregate. Amorphous aggregation of proteins is associated with varying diseases, from the formation of protein wine haze to the expansion of the eye lenses in cataract, during the expression and purification of recombinant proteins. This study can be used for the design of novel biomolecules or drugs with the ability to neutralize factor(s) responsible for the aggregate formation, in addition to various other industrial applications.

Micellar effects on the alkaline hydrolysis of isatin and its derivatives.

Herein we have investigated the hydrolysis of 1H-indol-2,3-dione (isatin, I) and its derivatives of different hydrophobicities, viz. N-dimethylaminomethyl indol-2,3-dione (II), N-morpholinomethyl indol-2,3-dione (III), N-pipridinomethyl indol-2,3-dione (IV), N-heptylaminomethyl indol-2,3-dione (V), N-dodecylaminomethyl indol-2,3-dione (VI), N-hexylanilinomethyl indol-2,3-dione (VII), N-decylanilinomethyl indol-2,3-dione (VIII), and N-hexadecylanilinomethyl indol-2,3-dione (IX), in the presence of an excess amount of sodium hydroxide. All the isatin derivatives were synthesized in the laboratory. The progress of the reactions was studied by exploiting UV-visible spectrophotometry. The observed rate constant, k(w), increases linearly on increasing the hydroxide ion concentration, indicating first-order dependence on [OH(-)]. The effects of surfactants, cationic (cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, CTACl), and anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) were also investigated. The rate of reaction increased on increasing the concentration of CTACl and, after reaching a maximum, it started decreasing. Conversely, anionic micelles of SDS inhibited the rate of hydrolysis of isatin and its derivatives. The results of the effect of CTACl were analyzed using a pseudophase ion-exchange model while the inhibition by SDS was analyzed using a simple Menger-Portnoy model. The effects of added salts, such as NaBr, NaCl, and (CH(3))(4)NBr, were also seen on the isatin hydrolysis. It was found that the addition of salts decreased the rate enhancement efficiency of the CTACl.

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) promote amyloid fibril formation in carbohydrate binding protein (concanavalin A) at physiological pH

Amyloid fibril formation has been seen as the underlying reason for various pathological disorders studied in humans. Understanding the mechanism of amyloid fibril formation is important to prevent the onset or to develop a possible cure. In this study, we have experienced to understand the role of positively charged head and hydrophobic tail of cationic surfactant and its propensity to stimulate amyloid fibril formation in concanavalin A. Several spectroscopic techniques (far-UV CD, FTIR, Rayleigh scattering, turbidity, intrinsic fluorescence, and dye binding assays) in addition to transmission electron microscopy were employed to analyze the mode of interaction between ConA and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) during amyloid fibril formation. We have found that negatively charged ConA at pH 7.4, transforms into amyloid fibril in response to significantly low concentrations of CTAB while higher concentrations abolishes the amyloid fibril formation. Interestingly, ConA at pH 3.5 did not form amyloid fibril at varying concentrations of CTAB. A characteristically unique type of secondary structural transition was seen under the varying concentrations of CTAB. At low CTAB concentrations far-UV CD spectrum minimum shifts towards higher wavelength (222–225 nm) whereas at higher concentrations the β-sheet transformed into α-helical structures which is also evident from FTIR measurements. These results suggest that electrostatics as well as hydrophobic interaction are involved in the CTAB induced amyloid fibril formation. This study opens up the possibilities to understand the molecular mechanism of the interaction between CTAB and ConA and also helps to make a molecule which can inhibit or suppress the amyloid fibrillogenesis.

A Novel Synthesis of 3-Substituted Pyruvic Acids a New Route to α, β -Diamino Acids

Abstract A survey of the literature revealed that treatment of azlactones with mineral acids transformed them into N-benzoylaminoacrylic acids 1-2 and the action of organic acids remained ineffective on the oxazolone ring. The purpose of this research was to explore the behaviour of formic acid towards azlactones. The Chemistry involved in the synthesis of 3 substituted pyruvic acids by the reaction of formic acid with azlactones is an interesting feature. This reaction holds significance in the preparation of new compounds like α, β -diamino acids which may possess biological activities, as their analogs are found in hydrolysates of antibiotic substances3

Biophysical characterization of the interaction between human serum albumin and n-dodecyl β-d-maltoside: A multi-technique approach

We have studied the effect of biocompatible sugar based surfactant n-dodecyl β-D-maltoside (DDM) on the conformation of human serum albumin (HSA). A multi-technique approach was applied in order to understand the type of interaction and effect of DDM on the secondary and tertiary structure of HSA. Surface tension measurement showed that HSA shifted the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of the surfactant to the higher side that clarifies the complex formation between DDM and HSA which was also confirmed by UV absorption spectroscopy. Fluorescence quenching measurements showed that fluorescence of HSA was quenched by the addition of DDM with a prominent blue shift indicative of the involvement of hydrophobic interaction which was further confirmed by extrinsic fluorescence of organic dye 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate. Synchronous fluorescence measurement trends suggested that the hydrophobicity increases near the tryptophan residue while an increase in the polarity was observed near tyrosine residues. A collective information obtained by circular dicroism (CD) and Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopies along with dynamic light scattering revealed the partial unfolding of the protein.