nan Muljadi

Preparation and characterization of polymeric composite permanent magnet Nd2Fe14B

Preparation of polymeric composite magnets using isotropic NdFeB powder and polymeric materials (epoxy resin and latex rubber) have been investigated in this work. Isotropic powder NdFeB was crushed mechanically by hand mortar and sieved until passing 400 mesh. Epoxy Resin / latex rubber with the isotropic powder NdFeB were manually mixed for 20 minutes to achieve a good (homogeneous) mixture. Amount of polymeric materials were 5, 10, 15, and 20 % wt. from the mass of magnetic powder NdFeB. The mixtures were moulded in cylindrical die with a diameter of 10 mm by cold pressing under a force of three tons, then all samples were cured at temperature 100oC for two hours by using drying oven. The cured samples were measured bulk density by archimedes method, and all samples were magnetized by impulse magnetizer. The surface magnetic field strength (FS) was measure by Gaussmeter, other magnetic properties (remanence Br, coercivity Hc and energy product BHmax) were measured by permeagraph. The measured propertie...

Effect of Electrolyte Composition on Corrosion Resistance in Nickel Plating Process for Coating Bonded Magnet PrFeB

Despite of its excellence magnetic quality, one of the critical properties of PrFeB based permanent magnet is a low corrosion resistance so it can be oxidized easily which can reduce its magnetic properties. In this study, Nickel coating has been performed for bonded PrFeB magnet by the electroplating method using Nickel-Watts bath-type as the electrolyte to improve the corrosion resistance. The varying amount of the electrolyte compounds used to have the optimized composition indicated by the corrosion resistance measurement. The solution composition used was NiSO4 (230-380 g/L), NiCl2 (30-60 g/L), and H3BO3 (30 and 45 g/L) with a fixed value of other parameters. Characterization used including the immersion corrosion test, microstructure analysis, and magnetic properties. Based on the corrosion rate measurement, the highest corrosion resistant of Nickel coated PrFeB magnet achieved from the electrolyte composition of NiSO4: NiCl2: H3BO3 = 380: 60: 30 g/L with a plating time and current density (J) of 60 minutes and 40 mA/cm2 respectively. The corrosion rate data showed that the Nickel metal coating can improve the corrosion resistance of bonded PrFeB magnet up to 29 times than of the substrate. The SEM images showed that the thickness of the Nickel coating on the optimum electrolyte composition was in average value of 35.1 µm. The overall samples has a magnetic remanence value (Br) reached ≥ 6 kG, so it has enough properties to be applied in devices such as generators and electric motors.

Effect of composition polymeric PVB binder on physical, magnetic properties and microstructure of bonded magnet NdFeB

The bonded magnet NdFeB has been made by using the hot press method and using Poly Vinyl Butiral (PVB) as a binder. The composition of polymeric binder was varied: 0, 2, 4, 6 and 7 % of weight. Both raw materials are weighed and mixed according to the composition of PVB, then formed by hot press with a pressure 30 MPa, a temperature of 160 ? C and holding time for 30 minutes. The bulk density was measured by using Archimedes method. SEM observation was done to determine the microstructure of bonded magnet NdFeB. The flux magnetic value was measured by using a Gauss meter and the measurement of hysteresis curves was done to know value of remanence Br, coercivity Hc and energy product BHmax by using VSM. According to the characterization results show that the best composition of PVB is 2 of weight. The properties of bonded magnet NdFeB of those compositions are the bulk density around 5.66 g/cm3. Flux Magnetic value: 1862 Gauss, Br value: 5000 kGauss, Hc value: 8.49 kOe and BHmax value : 5.10 MGOe. According of SEM observation results show that the polymer matrix of PVB appears to have covered on all surface grain and filled grain boundary.

Effect of Sintering Temperature to Physical, Magnetic Properties and Crystal Structure on Permanent Magnet BaFe12O19 Prepared From Mill Scale

Permanent magnet of Barium hexa Ferrite with formula BaFe12O19 has been made by metallurgy powder method from raw materials : Barium carbonate (BaCO3 E-merck) and Iron Oxide (Fe2O3 from mill scale). Both of raw materials have been mixed with stoichiometry composition by using a ball mill for 24 hours. The fine powder obtained from milling process was formed by using a hydraulic press at pressure 50 MPa and continued with sintering process. The sintering temperature was varied : 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C and 1300°C with holding time for 1 hour. The sintered samples were characterized such as : physical properties (bulk density, porosity and shrinkage), magnetic properties (flux density, remanence, coercivity and magnetic saturation) by using VSM and crystal structure by using XRD. According characterization results show that the crystal structure of BaFe12O19 does not change after sintering process, but the grain size tends to increase. The optimum condition is achieved at temperature 1250°C, and at this condition, the sample has characterization such as : bulk density = 4.35 g/cm3, porosity = 1.03% and firing shrinkage = 11.63%, flux density = 681.1 Gauss, remanence (σr) = 20.78 emu/g, coercivity (Hc) = 2058 Oe and magnetic saturation (σs) 45.16 emu/g.

Sinthesis and Characterization of Nd2Fe14B Powder from Nd-Fe-B Flakes by Wet Mechanical Milling and Heat Treatment

The Nyodimium-Iron-Boron (Nd-Fe-B) based materials are known as the best type of magnetic materials and it contains a magnetic phase Nd2Fe14B. The Nd-Fe-B alloy Flakes is one of the main raw material for producing of NdFeB-based permanent magnets and the size of Nd-Fe-B flakes are still coarse. Synthesis of Nd2Fe14B powder has been done by a wet mechanical milling method using the High Energy Milling (HEM) for 10 hrs and continued by heating at 600°C in vacuum condition (10-4 Pa). This process is used to produce a fine powder Nd2Fe14B for making of permanent magnets. The milling medium was used a toluene (pa-Emerck)) to protect of particle from oxidation during the milling process. After milling processes, the samples were measured distribution particle size by using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). Microstructure analysis has been conducted by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM/EDX) for samples before milling and sample after heating. The characterization results show that after milling 10 hours, it was obtained fine powder with average size about 1.35 μm. According to SEM/EDX and XRD analysis show that the crystal structure of the sample before milling was different compared to the sample after heating. It is found new magnetic phase with formula Nd2Fe14B.

Preparation and Characterization of Hybrid Bonded Magnet Ba-Ferrite/NdFeB with Epoxy Resin

Hybrid bonded magnet Ba-Ferrite/NdFeB with 5% wt Epoxy Resin (ER) as polymer binder hsa been developed with variations in BaFe12O19 to NdFeB weight ratio. The variation of the BaO6Fe2O3 : Nd-Fe-B weight ratio are 90%:10%; 80%:20%; 70%:30% and 60%:40%. The magnetic particle consist of Ba-Ferrite and NdFeB were mixed until homogenize and compacted by using hydraulic press machine with 8 Tonf force to form a disc shape sample. The disc sample was dried using vacuum dryer with 10 mm bar pressure at 80°C for one hour before being magnetized using impulse magnetizer. The best %wt composition ratio of Ba-Ferrite/NdFeB is 70%/30% and 60%/40%. The hybrid bonded magnetic properties at the best %wt composition ratio are: bulk density = 4.28-4.43 g/cm3, FM = 1057-1121 Gauss, Br = 3.46-3.70 kG, Hc = 3.25-3.70 kOe, and BHmax = 1.60-1.70 MGOe.

Microstructure, Physical Properties, and Magnetic Flux Density Analysis of Permanent Magnet BaFe12O19 using Milling and Sintering Preparation Methods

The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the influence of sintering temperature to the microstructure, physical, and magnetic properties of BaFe12O19 materials. The permanent magnet BaFe12O19 was made by using milling and sintering method, BaFe12O19 commercial powder was used as the raw material in this experiment. The raw material was pulverized by using ball mill for 15 hours and compacted at 400 MPa pressure to obtain a 16mm diameter and 4mm thick pellet. The pellet was sintered with 10oC/minute heating rate at various temperature ranges of 1050, 1100, 1150, and 1200oC for 1 hour. The microstructure and particle size of the pellet was investigated using XRD, SEM, and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The result shows that the milled powder has hexagonal BaFe12O19 crystal structure as the dominant phase, inhomogeneous size and shape of the grains, and average particle size is 19.60 pm. The bulk density measurement, shrinkage, and magnetic properties of the sintered samples were being observed and analyzed. It was found through this experiment that the optimum sintering temperature is 1150oC to obtain optimum bulk density (4.71 g/cm3), constant shrinkage (12.07%), 550 Gauss magnetic flux density, 1.79 kGauss remanence Br, and 1.75 kOe coercivity.

Crystal structure and magnetic properties of Nd2Fe14B powder prepared by using high energy milling from elements metal Nd,Fe,B powders

The Nd2Fe14B powder has been made by using High Energy Milling (HEM) from mixed metal powders Iron (Fe), Neodymium (Nd) and Boron (B). The Nd, Fe and B powders were mixed according stoichiometric composition (atomic ratio Nd:Fe:B = 2: 14: 1) and milled and milling time was varied in 10, 20, and 40 hours by using HEM. Toluene liquid was used as milling media to protect of metal powders from oxygen. The measurement result of x- ray diffraction show that the optimum Nd2Fe14B phase already formed about 69,46% after milling 40 hours with crystallite size about 25.64 nm. The magnetic properties of milled powders were measured by using VSM at room temperature. The highest value of magnetic properties are obtained at powder milled in 40 hours, at this condition, it is obtained Ms = 122 emu/g, Mr = 81 emu/g, Hc = 5.54 kOe and BHmax = 11.01 MGOe.

Preparation and characterization of bonded NdFeB permanent magnet

Preparation and characterization of bonded NdFeB permanent magnets have been performed. NdFeB powder was milled by using the High Energy Milling (HEM) for 3 and 10 hours. The bonded magnets were prepared by NdFeB powder (50–200 mesh) and adhesive epoxy resin with composition variation of 93:7, 95:5, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 (% wt.), respectively. The mix powder was molded using a pressure of 100 kg/cm2 and then annealed at 150 °C for 4 hours. The result of particle size analysis by using PSA showed that the average particle size of NdFeB powder after milling time for 10 hours was 0.37 μm. Based on the differential thermal analysis (DTA) result, it was obtained that the optimal annealing temperature of the mixtures is at 150 °C. The result of the phase analysis by using XRD showed that the major phase is Nd2Fe14B and the minor phase is Fe. The surface morphology was observed by using SEM. The results of SEM showed that the particle shape disordered with the particle size within a range of 0.1–...

Effect of CeO{sub 2} addition on the properties of FeAl based alloy produced by mechanical alloying technique

Iron aluminides based on FeAl is notable for their low materials cost, ease of fabrication and good corrosion, suffixation and oxidation resistance. However, the application based on these unique properties still require the development of Fe-Al based alloy since it shows some drawbacks such as a lack of high temperature strength and low ductility. To improve the mechanical properties of FeAl based alloy, ceria (CeO2) will be added to this compound. FeAl based alloy produced by the mechanical alloying (MA) technique. The developed specimens then assessed with respect to oxidation behaviour in high temperature, scale microstructure and hardness. The surface morphologies of the alloy evaluated and observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The phase structures of oxide scale formed on them were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results found that the FeAl intermetallic compound containing CeO2 0.5 wt.% is less pores and CeO2 1.0 wt.% is mor...