Munir Mauad

Correção da acidez e mobilidade de íons em Latossolo com aplicação superficial de escória, lama cal, lodos de esgoto e calcário

The experiment was carried out under field conditions in a no-tillage system from 2002 to 2005, aiming to evaluate liming, base saturation and nitrate, calcium and magnesium mobility in a dystrophic Clay Rhodic Hapludox soil. The possible interference of organic acid catering of black oat through surface application of flue dust, aqueous lime and sewage sludge from a centrifuge and a biodigestor were also evaluated at rates of zero (control), 2, 4 and 8 t ha -1 as well as an additional treatment of dolomitic limestone at the rate of 2 t ha -1 . Due to the increasing surface applications of flue dust, aqueous lime and sewage sludge from a centrifuge, soil pH value increased; these three residues and the sewage sludge from a biodigestor increased base saturation and availability of nitrate, calcium and magnesium up to the depth of 40 cm and within three months only. The low concentration of organic acid in the aerial part of the black oat did not explain the quicky nutrient leaching and soil acidity neutralization in depth. Flue dust, aqueous lime and sewage sludge from a centrifuge can be used as an acidity corrective and applied on the soil surface in no-tillage system.

Enraizamento de estacas de azaléia tratadas com concentrações de ANA em diferentes substratos

De acordo com a necessidade de aumentar a producao de mudas de azaleia por meio da propagacao vegetativa, em menor intervalo de tempo, foi proposto estudar os efeitos de diferentes substratos e concentracoes de ANA (acido naftalenoacetico). O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 3X4 com tres substratos (areia grossa lavada, casca de arroz carbonizada e humus) e quatro concentracoes de ANA na forma de po (0; 2,5; 5,0 e 7,5%). Utilizaram-se estacas de 100 mm de comprimento retiradas da porcao apical do ramo, sem gema apical e com corte em bisel na parte superior, deixando um par de folhas cortadas ao meio. Essas foram colocadas para enraizar em bandejas de isopor de 128 celulas, por um periodo de 90 dias, nas quais avaliaram-se: comprimento, superficie, volume e diâmetro radicular e a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, sobreviventes, mortas e numero de brotos. Pode-se concluir que a maior porcentagem de enraizamento foi obtida no substrato de casca de arroz carbonizada e com ANA na concentracao de 5%.

Matéria seca e acúmulo de macronutrientes na parte aérea das plantas de Crambe

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) has shown potential for biodiesel production because of high oil content in grains. Furthermore it is a viable option in crop rotation systems. Nevertheless, there are few studies about nutrient uptake by crambe plants. The aim of this work was to determine dry matter and nutrient accumulation in crambe shoots in different growth stages. The experiment was carried under a randomized complete block design with five replications. Shoot sampling was done at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days after seedling emergence. Each plant sample was separated in leaves (blade and petiole), stems+benches and fruit (capsules). The samples were dried, weighted and levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were determined. Plant leaves greatly contribute to dry matter production in initial stages of development. Leaf senescence is accentuated and the contribution from stems and branches is higher from flowering. The following nutrient demand by plant shoot was observed: N>Ca>P>S>K>Mg. Nutrients are exported by harvested grains as follows: N>P>S>Mg>Ca>K. Dry matter produced by shoots and fruit is low; however, sowing fertilization is essential to obtain satisfactory results due to a short plant cycle and fast transition period between flowering and fruit maturation.

Produtividade da canola sob irrigação e doses de adubação nitrogenada

The study was conducted in the May-September 2012 at the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, with the main to evaluate the productivity, morphological and productive components of canola (Hybrid Hyola 61) crop under different levels of nitrogen (topdressing) and irrigation. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a split-plot with four replications. The plots were irrigated and no irrigated. The subplots were three treatments with nitrogen (topdressing) doses of 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1. With the use of irrigation crop attained better results in plant height, shoot dry mass and number of siliqua per plants. The oil content and thousand grain weights showed significant increases as a function of irrigation and nitrogen doses. The yield under irrigation was higher than non-irrigated, with values equal to 3145.65 and 1354.45 kg ha-1, respectively.

INFLUÊNCIA DE NÍVEIS DE POTÁSSIO NO CRESCIMENTO RADICULAR E NA ABSORÇÃO DE NUTRIENTES EM CULTIVARES DE ARROZ DE TERRAS ALTAS

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for upland rice growth, but little information on the effects of K on root growth and nutrient uptake capacity of upland rice is found. Therefore, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the influence of soil K levels on root growth and nutrient uptake of four upland rice cultivars. A completely randomized experimental design, in a 4x4 factorial scheme (4 levels of K: 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg dm; 4 cultivars: Caiapó, BRS-Primavera, IAC-202, and Maravilha) was used, with four replications. Based on regression equations, the highest values of root length density would be found with 136 mg dm of K. The root diameter and dry matter, shoot dry matter and shoot K concentration increased linearly with the increasing K rates. The shoot K concentration of the upland rice cultivars did not differ. The increased level of K in the soil reduced the shoot Ca concentration of intermediate and modern cultivars, and the shoot Mg concentration of all cultivars. The potassium fertilization increased the plant growth, but the magnitude of this effect varied according to the cultivar.

Feeding preference of Plutella xylostella for leaves treated with plant extracts

Plutella xylostella L. is one of the main agents to cause damages to plants of Brassica genus, provoking negative impacts in cultures. The use of botanical extracts in plants protection has been related in literature, however, their use in the species analyzed in this study is not yet reported. We assessed the effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of the species: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Pink Pepper), Annona coriacea Mart. (Araticum), Duguetia furfuracea (A. St.-Hil.) Benth. & Hook. (Pindaúva do campo) and Trichilia silvatica C. DC. (Catiguá-branco), occuring in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and whose feeding preference of P. xylostella larvae of 3rd instar. We intend to answer the following questions: (1) Are the plant species analyzed fagodeterrentes? (2) what type of extract produces the least food preferrence? To answer these questions, we treated cabbage disks with aqueous extracts stored in a refrigerator in periods of 0, 7, 14 and 21 days and the methanolic extracts were treated at concentrations of 0.5 mg/mL, 1.0 mg/mL, 2.0mg/mL. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of T. silvatica presented the lowest values of feeding preference, 0.113 and 0.06, respectively, compared to other extracts.

Plant-pollinator interactions in Crambe abyssinica Hochst. (Brassicaceae) associated with environmental variables.

Despite the economic importance of Crambe abyssinica, the present study is the first report on bees that occur with this species, and could aid in developing alternative methods for controlling insect pests without seriously impacting pollinators. The present study examined the following questions: (1) Which species are potential pollinators of C. abyssinica? (2) How do environmental conditions influence pollinator visitation fluctuations? Insects were sampled on a weekly basis between 08:00 and 16:00 during five weeks of flowering. When the results of analyses of variance were significant, the data was adjusted using regression equations at a 5% level of probability; the environmental variables were examined using Pearsons correlation coefficient. Apis mellifera, Geotrigona mombuca, Exomalopsis (Exomalopsis) fulvofasciata, Plebeia sp. and Dialictus sp. were observed visiting C. abyssinica flowers. A. mellifera and G. mombuca were observed to be potential pollinators, with the former demonstrating visitation peaks during flowering weeks II and IV at 12:00 and 08:00, respectively and the latter visiting during weeks III and IV at 12:00 and 10:00, respectively. Environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed have different effect on the activity of bees.

Características tecnológicas da cana-de-açúcar sob aplicação de doses de vinhaça em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico

One of the main by-products of the sugar and alcohol industry is the vinasse which is rich in nutrients, especially potassium. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the technological characteristics and productivity of sugarcane after application of vinasse doses in the third cut cane. The study was conducted in Rhodic Hapludox sandy clay soil, in Monte Verde plant - Bunge in county Ponta Pora, MS. A randomized block design was used, four vinasse doses (0, 450, 600 and 750 m3 ha-1) with five repetitions were evaluated. sugarcane variety RB 855453 early cycle was used, with line spacing of 1.5 m. The planting of cane occurred in 2008, using conventional tillage. The POL% increased 3.38%, for the °BRIX%, there was an increase of 5.03%, the AR% increased 22%, for the variable FIBER%, there was a 6.7% e the ATR% increased 4.94%, with vinasse doses. For productivity, there was an increase of 4 Mg from the lowest to the highest dose of vinasse. The application of vinasse doses improved the quality of the raw material, except for industry purity. The vinasse doses increased the productivity of sugarcane.

Efeito residual da aplicação de silicato de cálcio nos atributos químicos do solo e na produtividade da cana-soca

Trabalhos de pesquisa no Brasil e em outros paises, com a utilizacao de silicato de calcio, vem mostrando resultados promissores na cultura da cana- de- acucar. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito residual da aplicacao do silicato de calcio como material corretivo de acidez do solo, nos atributos quimicos do solo e na produtividade da primeira soqueira de cana-de-acucar. O trabalho foi desenvolvido, em condicoes de campo, na Fazenda Escola da Anhanguera de Dourados-MS, com a variedade SB803250. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repeticoes. Os tratamentos foram constituidos de doses distintas de silicato de calcio (0, 700, 1400, 2800, 5600 kg ha -1 ). No solo, a amostragem foi realizada aos 24 meses apos a aplicacao do silicato de calcio, nas camadas de 0-0,2- e 0,20-0,40 m de profundidade, determinando os atributos quimicos para fins de fertilidade do solo e a produtividade da cana-soca. O silicato de calcio promoveu efeito residual benefico nos atributos de acidez do solo apos 24 meses da aplicacao. A aplicacao do silicato de calcio, em pre-plantio, promoveu efeito residual positivo na produtividade da soqueira da cana-de-acucar.

Chemical Compounds and Bioactivity of Aqueous Extracts of Alibertia spp. in the Control of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Successive applications of insecticides to control Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) have resulted in the emergence of resistant populations of this insect. A novel control measure for this target insect could be the use of botanical insecticides derived from plant tissues. Hence, we experimentally tested aqueous extracts of Alibertia edulis (Rich.), Alibertia intermedia (Mart.), and Alibertia sessilis (Vell.) K. Schum. found in the Brazilian savannah in order to investigate their potential to disrupt the life cycle of P. xylostella. Aqueous extracts of the leaves of A. intermedia and A. sessilis negatively affected the development of P. xylostella in all stages of the life cycle, prolonging the larval stage and causing mortality in the larval or pupal stages. Treatments with A. intermedia and A. sessilis extracts caused the lowest fecundity and the number of hatched larvae. The harmful effects of these aqueous extracts on the life cycle of P. xylostella may be attributable to the flavonoids and other phenolic compounds present in A. intermedia and A. sessilis. These aqueous botanical extracts are low in toxicity when compared to non-aqueous pesticides, and may emerge as an effective approach for control of populations of P. xylostella.