Mustafa Nadhim Owaid

Mycosynthesis of nanoparticles using edible and medicinal mushrooms

Abstract This review distinguishes myco-nanotechnology using metallic nanoparticles (meta-NPs) synthesized from edible mushroom matter. Green chemistry approaches were attempted to myco-synthesize meta-NPs (viz., Ag-NP, Au-NP, Se-NP, CdS-NP, Fe-NP, Pa-NP, and ZnS-NP) via different routes using edible mushrooms and have been tested toward 79% biomedical and 21% industrial applications. Biomaterials were used as biofactors to form metallic NPs. In mushroom science, mycomaterials of mushrooms were used at different percentages to mycosynthesize in an ecofriendly/green way; mycomaterials such as crude extracts of basidocarp (53%), mycelial extract or free cell filtrate (28%), in crude form or in purified form such as polysaccharides at different percentages; 9% (especially glucan), proteins/enzymes (7%) and polysaccharides protein complex (3%) as new research lines. Generally, in this field of mushroom nanoparticles about 84% of mycosynthesized NPs using mushrooms are placed outside the fungal cell (extracellular) and 16% are intracellular in the mushroom hyphae. The knowledge of the performance and influence of meta-NPs in edible mushrooms has developed in the last 10 years. Generally, while Agaricus bisporus was the first to be used in agricultural production Pleurotus spp. has the highest use (38%) in the formation of mushroom NPs. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been biosynthesized more often in the fungi kingdom; also, Ag-NPs made up the largest part (64%) in the formation of nanoparticles in mushroom science. Mushroom meta-NPs usually have a spherical shape with sizes from 0.4 nm up to ≤300 nm but most of them are <75 nm. A few recent applications have affected the inhibition of the growth of human pathogenic bacteria by mushroom Ag-NPs in combination with antibiotics. Myco-synthesized meta-NPs using mushrooms, especially Ag-NPs, Au-NPs and Se-NPs, are potent against various cancer cell lines. Thus, these NPs can be used in numerous pharmaceutical drugs. Also, the transport of pharmaceutical drugs and biomaterials using NPs of edible mushrooms is considered a very undervalued and new application in the drug and gene fields. Mushroom meta-NPs were investigated for industrial applications such as inorganic NPs, carbon nanotubes and the treatment of waste as nano-biosorbents for the adsorption of toxic metals for cleaning the environment using eco-friendly natural materials for reducing the pollution of the environment in the future.

Antifungal activity of cultivated oyster mushrooms on various agro-wastes

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the antifungal activity of four fruiting bodies of oyster mushroom harvested from three agro-substrates in vitro . At three concentrations (2, 4 and 8 mg/disc), extracts discs of Pleurotus ostreatus (grey), P. ostreatus var. florida , P. cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus and P. salmoneostramineus were tested against three fungal pathogens: Trichoderma harzianum (after 2 days), Verticillium sp. and Pythium sp. (after 5 days) via the Disc Diffusion Method. The highest overall activity was by the extract disc Y2 ( P. cornucopiae grown on M2 substrate; 70% wheat straw, Owaid; M.N.; Al-Saeedi, S.S.S.; Al-Assaffii, I.A.A.Antifungal activity of cultivated oyster mushrooms on various agro-wastes. Summa Phytopathologica, v.43, n.1, p.09-13, 2017. 20% hardwood sawdust and 10% date palm fibers) and the lowest by Y1 ( P. cornucopiae grown on wheat straw). The best inhibition zone was 16 mm toward T. harzianum by extract disc W2 (2 mg/disc) ( P. ostreatus var. florida grown on M2 substrate), compared with 23 mm with Nystatin disc (100 U), followed 7 and 5 mm by P3 (

Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus (button mushroom) and its usages in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles

Abstract White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Higher Basidiomycota, is a very important nutritional and medicinal species which is used for recycling agrowastes including wheat straw, reed plant wastes, waste paper, oat straw, waste tea leaves, some water plants and others. A. bisporus has many usages in human dietary and pharmaceutical fields due to its composition of essential amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, low calories, crude fibers, trace elements and vitamins. Recently synthesized nanoparticles from A. bisporus were used to treat cancer, viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. The goal of this review is to highlight recent data about recycling wastes for Agaricus production and applications of A. bisporus as a reducing agent in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Organically produced foods are currently highly desirable, but it can also be used for ecofriendly biosynthesis of nanoparticles.

Nutraceutical Value of Four Oyster Mushroom Species, Higher Basidiomycetes

Bu çalışmada dört istridye mantar türünün besin değeri (total protein, ham selüloz, fenolik bileşikler, toplam karbohidrat, kül, kuru madde, nem içeriği ve pH) belirlenmiştir. P. ostreatus (gri), P. ostreatus (beyaz), P. cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus (sarı) ve P. salmoneostramineus (pembe), mantar türleri üç tarımsal karışımda S1 (buğday samanı), S2 (%70 buğday samanı, %20 talaş ve %10 hurma lifi) ve S3 (%50 buğday samanı, %30 talaş ve %20 hurma lifi) incelenmiştir. İstiridye mantarlarının çeşitli katkı maddeleriyle besin değerinin önemli (p<0.05) farklılıklar gösterdiği görülmüştür. Genel olarak, P. cornucopiae (%32.21), P. ostreatus (gri) (%23.83) karşılaştırıldığında daha yüksek protein içeriğine sahip olduğu görülmüştür. P. ostreatus (gri) toplam fenol, toplam karbonhidrat ve ham lif içeriği sırasıyla 2.82 g/kg, %40.72 ve %9.97 ve P. salmoneostraminus için sırasıyla 1.35 g/kg, %48.02 ve %23.75 olarak bulunmuştur. P. ostreatus (beyaz), kül ve kuru madde içeriğinin (%11.3 ve %12.81), P. ostreatus (gri) ve P. salmoneostramineus kül ve kuru madde içeriğinden (%7.0 ve %9.93) fazla olduğu bulunmuştur.

Antagonistic role of hypha and cell-free culture filtrates of medicinal mushrooms to Verticillium sp. and Pythium sp. fungal pathogens

The aim of this experiment is to study the effects of interspecific interactions of three medicinal mushrooms (Coriolus versicolor, Hericium erinaceus and Lentinula edodes) on the growth of two fungal pathogens (Verticillium sp. and Pythium sp.) using dual culture plate assay. In single cultures in PDA plates, overgrowth of mushrooms was completed after 5, 11, and 12 days for C. versicolor, L. edodes, and H. erinaceus respectively. Generally, C. versicolor presented the fastest mycelial growth in dual culture after incubation for ten days. From another side, the best significant (p<0.01) inhibition was 67.13% and 65.28% by hyphal of C. versicolor toward Verticillium sp. and Pythium sp. respectively. While, the lower inhibition activity (26.76%) was recorded on Verticillium sp. plate by mycelia of H. erinaceus during 5 days. After 15 days, metabolites of fungi showed only on edges of L. edodes mushroom colonies in form shining golden drops. The solid medium of cell-free culture filtrate of C. versicolor exhibited best inhibition percentage of 6.67% against Verticillium sp. fungus significantly (p<0.01). While, Pythium sp. recorded the lower inhibition percentage on solid medium of L. edodes filtrate (2.27%). In general, Pythium sp. was more sensitive than Verticillium sp. on the solid media of cell–free culture filtrate of all mushrooms.