Mutakin

Chromatogram profiles of andrographolide in A23187-induced New Zealand rabbit's urine and faeces

This study was designed to assess the analgesic and antiinflammatory actions of an aqueous ethanolic extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa L. (Family: Lythraceae). The analgesic investigations were carried out against two types of noxious stimuli, chemical (formalin-induced pain and acetic acid-induced writhing) and thermal (hotplate and tail immersion tests). The effects of standard drugs, aspirin and naloxone pretreatments were also studied. For antiinflammatory activities, the carrageenan -induced oedema of the hind paw of rats was used and the paw volume measured plethysmometrically 3h after injection. This was compared to a standard drug aspirin (300 mg/kg). The results were subjected to statistical analysis. The crude plant extract significantly increased the reaction time of hotplate and immersion tests. It decreased the writhings of acetic acid-induced abdominal contractions and lickings of formalin-induced pain. Aspirin had no effect on hotplate and tail immersion tests but showed an effect on writhing test. These results showed that the plant had both central and peripheral acting effects and this was confirmed by its effect on both phases of formalin-induced pain. The extract also significantly decreased the rat paw oedema volume at 200 mg/kg and above. In conclusion, Lagerstroemia speciosa has central and peripheral analgesic properties as well as antiinflammatory activities. Abstract This study was designed to assess the analgesic and antiinflammatory actions of an aqueous ethanolic extract of Lagerstroemia speciosa L. (Family: Lythraceae). The analgesic investigations were carried out against two types of noxious stimuli, chemical (formalin-induced pain and acetic acid-induced writhing) and thermal (hotplate and tail immersion tests). The effects of standard drugs, aspirin and naloxone pretreatments were also studied. For antiinflammatory activities, the carrageenan -induced oedema of the hind paw of rats was used and the paw volume measured plethysmometrically 3h after injection. This was compared to a standard drug aspirin (300 mg/kg). The results were subjected to statistical analysis. The crude plant extract significantly increased the reaction time of hotplate and immersion tests. It decreased the writhings of acetic acid-induced abdominal contractions and lickings of formalin-induced pain. Aspirin had no effect on hotplate and tail immersion tests but showed an effect on writhing test. These results showed that the plant had both central and peripheral acting effects and this was confirmed by its effect on both phases of formalin-induced pain. The extract also significantly decreased the rat paw oedema volume at 200 mg/kg and above. In conclusion, Lagerstroemia speciosa has central and peripheral analgesic properties as well as antiinflammatory activities.

Design of Optical Sensor Membrane Based on Polymer Poly(methyl methacrylate) for Paracetamol Detection in Traditional Herbal Medicine

Generally, regulation states that herbal medicines are remedies containing plants or preparation of plants as active ingredients only. Paracetamol is one of the drugs that is frequently added in herbal medicine to enhance the effect as an analgesic. The government regulation disallows chemical drugs contained in herbal medicine due to the toxic effect of uncontrolled consumption. On this study, the optical sensor membrane from polymer poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was synthesized by phase inversion method and was used to detect paracetamol in herbal medicine. PMMA was made in three different concentrations 5%, 7.5%, and 10% and was mixed with ferric chloride (FeCl3), Folin-Ciocalteu, and Nessler reagent as specific colorimetric reagents for paracetamol detection, with a ratio of solvent:reagent was 6:4; 7:3; and 8:2. The result of the experiment shows that PMMA-FeCl3 7.5% (7:3), PMMA-Folin 5% (6:4), and PMMA-Nessler 5% (6:4) give the best performance for paracetamol detection. Real herbal medicine samples were analyzed to confirm the practical application of this sensor, and the result shows good agreement with UV-Vis data. The results show that optical sensor membrane which has been developed can be used as new detection method of paracetamol for community application.