N. Buffi

Application and Uses of Electronic Noses for Clinical Diagnosis on Urine Samples: A Review.

The electronic nose is able to provide useful information through the analysis of the volatile organic compounds in body fluids, such as exhaled breath, urine and blood. This paper focuses on the review of electronic nose studies and applications in the specific field of medical diagnostics based on the analysis of the gaseous headspace of human urine, in order to provide a broad overview of the state of the art and thus enhance future developments in this field. The research in this field is rather recent and still in progress, and there are several aspects that need to be investigated more into depth, not only to develop and improve specific electronic noses for different diseases, but also with the aim to discover and analyse the connections between specific diseases and the body fluids odour. Further research is needed to improve the results obtained up to now; the development of new sensors and data processing methods should lead to greater diagnostic accuracy thus making the electronic nose an effective tool for early detection of different kinds of diseases, ranging from infections to tumours or exposure to toxic agents.

Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of microultrasound for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer: Results from a single-institutional preliminary experience

Figure 3: Micro-Ultrasound image of PRI-MUS 5 (suspicious mixed echo lesion). This core was positive on Pathology (GS 7). The lesion is denoted by green arrows, while orange arrows identify 2 prior biopsy needle tracks from 6 months previously. With micro-ultrasound we can see that one of these tracks hit the edge of the lesion, likely resulting in previous GS6 diagnosis. Figure 4: Per-patient and per-core true positive (TP), true negative (TN), false positive (FP), and false negative (FN) results. A TP patient has at least 1 true positive target. TN patients have only TN cores. A FP patient has at least 1 FP core, and no TP, while a FN patient has at least 1 FN core, and no TP or FP. 9% 28%