N. J. Novaes

Efeitos da implantação de técnicas agropecuárias na intensificação de sistemas de produção de leite em estabelecimentos familiares

The economic viability of milk production in small family farms (SFF) in Sao Carlos, SP, from 1998 to 2001, after implementation of several technical and management actions in order to increase production was studied. Six SFF with sizes varying from 4.2 to 27.2 hectares and milk production as the main economical activity were selected. The technical actions implemented in each SFF were: agricultural: a) feeding: cropping and feeding sugar-cane + urea in the dry-season, concentrate supplementation according to the cow milk production level and rotational grazing in the rainy-season, b) animal welfare: identification and improvement of animal welfare, c) reproduction: use of artificial insemination and/or bulls and reproductive control of the herd, d) disease control: control of ectoparasites and endoparasites as well as brucellosis and tuberculosis tests, and e) genetic breeding: use of selected bulls, environment: recovery and conservation of natural resources, improvement of water quality and recovery of soil fertility, and administration techniques: culling of low-production animals, herd productivity control, practice of partnership and economical analysis. For statistical analysis was used an ANOVA model that included effects of the six SFF and fixed effects of year and months within year. The year effect was confounded with the technical and management actions and was assessed by orthogonal polynomials in order to estimate the quantitative changes in the response variables related to the year of 1998. The estimated means of the six SFF for annual milk production, milk production/ha/year, milk production/cow, net income and assets increased by 24%, 36%, 38%, 70% and 27%, respectively comparing year 2001 with 1998. Operational and total costs reduced 24.1% and 15.8%, respectively, while profit increased 4%. Two out of six SFF were chosen as extension units and used as models of SFF. It was concluded that implementation of technologies were efficient in all SFF investigated in this study.

Análise tecnológica, nutricional e sensorial de macarrão elaborado com farinha de trigo adicionada de farinha de feijão-guandu

Elbow type macaroni was produced with wheat flour and supplemented with pigeon pea bean flour in the ratios of 5, 10, and 15%. The macaroni obtained was evaluated through humidity and acidity determinations, cooking test and sensorial analysis. Biological assays with albino rats were developed to evaluate the protein quality of the mixtures used in the macaroni formulation. The values found for different macaroni as to humidity and acidity can be considered normal and within an acceptable range. The data found in the cooking test indicated that the tested macaroni had regular-low quality. The biological analysis revealed that the mixture containing 5% of pigeon pea flour was the best amino acid supplement.

Eficiência de utilização de nutrientes em novilhas das raças Canchim e Nelore e cruzadas Canchim-Nelore

The objective of this work was to study the efficiency of nutrient utilization by Canchim (CA), Nellore (NE) and crossbreed 1/2 Canchim + 1/2 Nelore (CANE) growing heifers, in three diets: maintenance, forage:concentrate ratio (RFC) of 75:25 (test 1), diet for weight gains up to 700 g/animal/day, RFC of 60:40 (test 2) and diet for weight gains up to 1200 g/animal/day, RFC of 40:60 (test 3). Twenty-four heifers were used in each test, eight of each genetic group. Each test had by three phases: a) performance, of 90 days,where the dry matter intake and daily weight gains were determined; b) coefficients of apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance of animals; and c) liquid phase digesta passage rates. The heifers from CA, NE and CANE showed similar results, within each diet, for all analyzed variables.

Polpa de Citros Peletizada na Alimentação de Eqüinos

The objective of this research was to study three levels of pelleted citrus pulp (PCP) in substitution to corn in diets of growing fillies. Twenty-one purebred and crossbred Arabian fillies averaging 278+9.6 kg of initial live weight and 18 months of age were used. The animals were maintained in individual pens and were daily exercised. A completely randomized design with three treatments: basal diet (T1), 7.5% PCP (T2) and 15.0% PCP (T3) with seven replicates, and with the filly as the experimental unit. The experimental period was of 16 weeks. The diets were formulated with 40% of coast-cross (Cynodon dactylon Pers) hay and 60% of concentrate, 14.5% of crude protein (CP), 2.77 kcal/g of digestible energy, on the dry matter (DM) basis. Weight gain, voluntary feed intake (gDM/kg.75) and the hearth girth did not differ among the treatments. The average withers height for T1 (6.8+1.0 cm) was higher than T2 (3.4+1.0 cm) and T3 (4.6+1.0 cm). The DM apparent digestibility coefficient for T2 (68.7+1.2%) and T3 (67.5+1.2 %) were higher than T1 (58.6+1.2 %). The same result was obtained for the CP, T2 (77.1+ 1.5 %) and T3 (78.6+1.5 %) were higher than that for T1 (70.8+1.5 %). For the gross energy, T2 (59.8+0.4%) was lower than both T1 (62.0+0.4%) and T3 (61.2+0.4%). There were no differences among the treatments for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and the solid and liquid passage rate of the digesta. The pelleted citrus pulp can be used up to 15,0% in the diets of growing fillies, without affecting the animal performance.

Influência do tempo de armazenamento a 11°C sobre algumas características físicas de cultivares de feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan L.)

Physical characteristics as density, water absorbed, and cooking time of 33 cultivars of guandu beans were evaluated. Density was stable during storage among cultivars. The ratio between the initial hydrated mass was over 2.0 until 6 months for most cultivars and the ratio of some cultivars failed to reach over 2.0 at 9 months and at 12 months only 2 cultivars reached a 2.0 ratio. The ratio of initial cooking time to the cooking time at different times showed distinct behavior among cultivars and cultivars L-16 and L-14 had the highest ratios between initial time and a 12-month storage period. These results showed the great variability of the physical characteristics of the varied cultivars studied. Cultivars L-03, L-09, L-29, L-30, and L-36, however, were likely to be selected due to their higher stability concerning storage time.