Nadeem Nasir

Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles: An Innovative Approach for Enhanced Oil Recovery Application

This Paper Describes the Synthesis of Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) Nanoparticles and their Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery. Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) Nanoparticles Were Used as Ferrite Magnetic Feeders with Antenna to Improve the Magnetic Field Strength and Cobalt Ferrite Nanofluid to Improve Oil Recovery. Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) Nanoparticles Were Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method. these Nanoparticles Were then Characterized by Using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles Annealed at 600oC, the Particle Size Is 51.17nm and 26nm as Determined by XRD and FESEM, Respectively while for the Sample Annealed at 800oC, the Particle Size Is 62nm as Determined by XRD and 60 Nm as Determined by FESEM. Magnetic Measurement Results Show that Initial Permeability of Cobalt Ferrite Powder Increased and Relative Loss Factor Decreased at High Frequency. in Order to Improve the Oil Recovery, Nanoparticles Were Used in Two Different Experiments. in the First Experiment, Nanoparticles Were Used as Magnetic Feeders with an Antenna to Improve the Magnetic Field Strength. in the Second Experiment, Nanoparticles Were Used as Nanofluids. Results Show that the Antenna with Magnetic Feeders Increases the Magnetic Field Strength by 0.94% as Compared to Antenna without Magnetic Feeders in the Water, and by 5.90% in the Air. Magnitude versus Offset (MVO) Study of Antenna with Magnetic Feeders Shows an Increase in Magnetic Field Strength of 275% as Compared to Antenna without Magnetic Feeders. it Is Found that Antenna with Magnetic Feeders Was Able to Recover 29.50% and 20.82% of Original Oil in Place (OOIP) in Core Rock Samples A-1 and A-2 Respectively. the Use of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles as a Nanofluid with Electromagnetic Waves Yielded a Higher Recovery of Residual Oil in Place (ROIP) which Is 31.58% as Compared to 8.70% when it Was Used as Nanofluid Alone. it Is Investigated that due to Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves by Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles the Oil Viscosity Reduces which Increase the Oil Recovery. it Can Be Concluded that the Synthesised Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) Nanoparticles Can Be Potentially Used for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Future.

New EM Transmitter with Y3Fe5O12 Based Magnetic Feeders Potentially Used for Seabed Logging Application

Sea bed logging (SBL) is a new technique for detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoir. Powerful electromagnetic (EM) transmitter is required for the transmission of EM signal underneath the seabed. New aluminum transmitter with yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12) based magnetic feeders was used in a scale tank to increase the magnitude of the magnetic field. Yttrium iron garnet samples were prepared using self combustion technique at different sintering temperatures of 750°C, 950°C and 1150°C. Characterizations of Y3Fe5O12 samples were done by using XRD, RAMAN, FESEM and Impedence network analyser. X-ray diffraction results revealed that yttrium iron garnet phase with good crystallinity appeared at sintering temperature of 1150°C. Nanoparticles size ranging from 60 to 110 nm was investigated. Raman results also confirmed garnet structure of yttrium iron garnet at sintering temperature of 1150°C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to image the morphology of the Y3Fe5O12 nanoparticles. Magnetic properties of Y3Fe5O12 magnetic feeders illustrates that Y3Fe5O12 has high Initial permeability (58.054), high Q-factor (59.842) and low loss factor (0.0003) at sintering temperature of 1150°C. Y3Fe5O12 magnetic feeders with high Q factor were chosen for new aluminum EM transmitter. Experiments with a scale factor of 2000 were carried out in scaled tank. It was found that Al transmitter with Y3Fe5O12 magnetic feeders increased magnitude of magnetic field strength up to 180%.

Novel EM antenna based on Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 magnetic feeders for improved MVO

Sea bed logging (SBL) is a new method for detection of hydrocarbon reservoir beneath the seabed. A powerful electromagnetic (EM) antenna having strong EM waves is required for the transmission of EM signal underneath the seabed for deep target exploration which is still remains a challenge. A new aluminium transmitter with yttrium iron garnet (Y<inf>3</inf>Fe<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf>) based magnetic feeders was developed in a scale tank to increase the magnitude of the magnetic field. Y<inf>3</inf>Fe<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf> were prepared by using Modified Conventional Mixing Oxide (MCMO) technique. The samples were sintered at 750°C, 950°C, 1150°C and 1350°C to get required characteristics of garnet nanoparticles. Characterizations of Y<inf>3</inf>Fe<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf> were done by using XRD, RAMAN, FESEM and Impedance network analyzer. X-ray diffraction results revealed that best Y<inf>3</inf>Fe<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf> phase was appeared at the sintering temperature of 1350°C. Nanoparticles sizes ranging from 60 to 100nm were obtained by using MCMO method. Raman results also demonstrate the confirmation of garnet structure of Y<inf>3</inf>Fe<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf> sample at 1350°C. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to see the morphology of the Y<inf>3</inf>Fe<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf> nanoparticles. Magnetic characterization results showed that Y<inf>3</inf>Fe<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf> at 1350°C has high Initial permeability (30.8773) and high Q-factor (45.719), where as low loss factor (0.0001) was also investigated. Samples having high Q factor were chosen for EM antenna. Simulations of new EM antenna were done by using CST software. It was observed that magnitude of this EM waves were increased up to 166% in scale tank using novel EM antenna. It was also found from the results of Finite element (FE) modelling of the scaled tank that the magnitude of B field increased by using Y<inf>3</inf>Fe<inf>5</inf>O<inf>12</inf> magnetic feeders on EM antenna.

Development of novel electromagnetic antenna for deep target marine CSEM survey

Marine controlled source electromagnetic method (MCSEM) is a new and versatile method for hydrocarbon detection. Deep sea hydrocarbon reservoir exploration is still challenging and expensive. Due to unreliability for the detection of DHIs using seismic data, new methods have been investigated. Sea bed logging (SBL) is a new technique for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon and has potential to reduce the risks of DHIs (direct hydrocarbon indicators) in deep sea environment. The magnitude of EM waves is very important for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoir below 4000m from the sea floor. Nanotechnology has been introduced very effective and shows promising results in many research fields. Ferrite magnetic materials play an important role in many applications due to its versatile magnetic properties. The aluminum based EM antenna is developed and NiZn, YIG ferrite as magnetic feeders are used to increase the field strength from EM antenna. FESEM images show that grain size increases wit...

Effect of Frequency on Hydrocarbon (HC) Detection Using 3D Finite Integral Modeling

Detection of hydrocarbon in sea bed logging (SBL) is still a very challenging task for deep target reservoirs. The response of electromagnetic (EM) field from marine environment is very low and it is very difficult to predict deep target reservoirs below 2500 m from the sea floor. Straight antennas at 0.125 Hz and 0.0625 Hz are used for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoirs below the seafloor. The finite integration method (FIM) is applied on 3D geological seabed models. The proposed area of the seabed model (16 km ×16 km) was simulated by using CST (computer simulation technology) EM studio. The comparison of different frequencies for different target depths was done in our proposed model. Total electric and magnetic fields were applied instead of scattered electric and magnetic fields, due to its accurate and precise measurements of resistivity contrast at the target depth up to 3000 m. From the results, it was observed that straight antenna at 0.0625 Hz shows 50.11% resistivity contrast at target depth of 1000 m whereas straight antenna at 0.125 Hz showed 42.30% resistivity contrast at the same target depth for the E-field. It was found that the E-field response decreased as the target depth increased gradually by 500 m from 1000 m to 3000 m at different values of frequencies with constant current (1250 A). It was also investigated that at frequency of 0.0625 Hz, straight antenna gave 7.10% better delineation of hydrocarbon at 3000 m target depth. It was speculated that an antenna at 0.0625 Hz may be able to detect hydrocarbon reservoirs at 4000 m target depth below the seafloor. This EM antenna may open a new frontier for oil and gas industry for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoirs below the seafloor.

Versatility of ZnO Nanostructures

Development of novel devices depends on the size, structure and controlled morphology of nanomaterials. Understanding the growth parameters and growth mechanism of nanostructured materials is essential. ZnO is one of the most promising and important semiconductor materials for its semiconducting characteristics. Variety of ZnO nanostructures such as nanowires, nanorods, nanotubes, nanorings, nanohelixes, nanosprings, nanobelts can be prepared by using a solid–vapour method, vapour liquid solid method and hydrothermal methods under specific growth conditions. ZnO clearly demonstrates its versatility in its structures and characteristics. This chapter also reviews the novel nanostructures of ZnO synthesized by solid–vapour method, vapour–liquid–solid method and hydrothermal method and their growth mechanisms. The applications of ZnO nanostructures as gas sensing, field effect transistors, solar cell, piezoelectric and EM detector is discussed.

Antenna for offshore hydrocarbon exploration

Detection of hydrocarbon reservoir in an offshore environment is a very challenging task for deep target. Magnitude of electromagnetic field response is still very low and cannot be able to detect the deep target reservoir by dipole antenna. To detect the deep target in an offshore environment antenna is designed by using computer simulation technology (CST) software. Modeling with Antenna in marine environment was done by Finite integration method (FIM). Model area was assigned as (40×40 km) to replicate the real seabed environment with array of receivers placed on the sea floor. New antenna radiation pattern shows 8.4dBi gain which is 6.3 times more as compared to the dipole antenna used for seabed logging. An electric and magnetic field component study was also done in an offshore environment. Ex and Hz field component response with the new antenna was measured in deep water environment. It was analyzed that the new dipole antenna shows a 232% improvement in magnitude verses offset in seawater. Experimental testing was also done at lab scale in air. New antenna experimental results show 200% higher field strength than dipole antenna. This antenna can be used for deep target hydrocarbon exploration.

Forward Modeling of Seabed Logging by Finite Integration and Finite Element Methods

Seabed electromagnetic (EM) modeling for detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoirs has been a challenge for oil and gas industry. More precise and accurate electromagnetic (EM) methods are required for better detection of hydrocarbon (HC) reservoirs. To overcome this problem, Finite integration method (FIM) and Finite element method (FEM) were chosen for 3D modeling of seabed logging to produce more precise EM response from the hydrocarbon reservoir. EM modelling is used to investigate the total electric and magnetic fields instead of scattered electric and magnetic fields, because it shows accurate and precise resistivity contrast at the target depth of up to 3000 m below seafloor. The FIM and the FEM were applied to our proposed seabed model having an area of 20 × 20 km. It was observed that the FIM showed 6.52 % resistivity contrast at a target depth of 1000 m whereas the FEM showed 16.78 % resistivity contrast at the same target depth for the normalised E-field. It was also found that normalised E-field response decreased as the target depth increased gradually by 500 m from 1000 to 3000 m at constant frequency of 0.125 Hz and current of 1250 A. It was also observed that at frequency of 0.125 Hz, phase versus offset (PVO) showed 3.8 % for FIM whereas 6.58 % for FEM better delineation of hydrocarbon at 3000 m target depth. PVO of electric field gives better delineation of HC presence compared to magnitude of E and H fields.

Full scale modeling of an antenna in offshore environment for electromagnetic enhanced oil recovery

In enhanced oil recovery, high frequency electromagnetic waves are used to heat the oil reservoir and for this purpose an antenna is inserted in a borehole close to the production well. It requires a large numbers of boreholes for the antenna to get uniform heating. In case of offshore these problem can be avoided if a horizontal antenna is towed close to the seabed which maximize the electromagnetic energy transferred from the overburden to reservoir. For this purpose new twin collinear dipole antenna with a total length equal to one wavelength is designed and full scale modeling in offshore environment was done by using computer simulation technology (CST) software. Electromagnetic response of oil reservoir by using new antenna is studied for a model consisting of a 100 m thick oil reservoir having resistivity of 100 ohm-m, buried at a depth of 1000m in overburden with 1000m seawater. It was observed that new antenna gave 365% higher electric field than half wavelength dipole antenna at the far source r...

MVO) study of antenna and its 3D scale modeling by Finite integration (FIM) method

In sea bed logging detection of hydrocarbon reservoir is a very challenging task for shallow water and deep target. Magnitude of electromagnetic field response is very low and cannot be able to detect the deep target. To detect deep target new aluminium curve antenna is designed by using computer simulation technology (CST) software. 3D scale modeling with and without hydrocarbon was done by Finite integration method (FIM). Straight and curve antenna comparison was done in a 3D scaled marine environment. It was investigated that new design gave 158% higher magnetic field strength than straight antenna. A scale tank with a scale factor of 2000 was built to test the new designed antenna. The series of experiments were done to evaluate the performance of new design antenna with and without the presence of oil in a scale model. Magnitude verses offset (MVO) was done with new design curve antenna with and without oil. The experimental data was recorded with new design antenna with and without oil placed left and right side of receivers (Rx−1, Rx−3) respectively. The magnitude of the EM waves of this new designed antenna increases up to 168% with hydrocarbon. Curve fitting method using MATLAB software was done to validate the MVO data of new designed antenna with and without oil. Correlation value with new design antenna also confirms the presence of oil in a scale model.