Nádia Souza Lima da Silva

Influência de variáveis do treinamento contra-resistência sobre a força muscular de idosos: uma revisão sistemática com ênfase nas relações dose-resposta

Muscular force is considered an important component of physical exercise programs. The results of this type of training depend on the combination of the number of repetitions, series, overload, sequence and intervals between series and exercises. However, it is still not very clear yet what the best combination of these variables for a good stimulus/response relationship in elderly people is. The objective of this study was to analyze the research on power-training for elderly people by means of systematic revision, with the intention to identify common trends in terms of effect of the training provoked by the manipulation of these variables. After definition of inclusion criteria, 22 cases were selected and grouped by treatment similarity (number of series; weekly frequency; intensity; intervals and order of the exercises). Techniques of descriptive statistics were used in order to determine possible trends in the stimulus/response relationship. Once identified, these trends were qualitatively analyzed. Among the variables revised, only for intensity of overload evidence that allows affirming that heavier loads would be more effective to induce force increase in this age group was found. Concerning the remaining variables, the results available in the literature do not support accurate inferences in terms of the best type of training program that connects effectiveness and safety. Therefore further studies should be conducted in order to experimentally compare the effects of the manipulation of these variables on muscular force in elderly people.

Bone density, balance and quality of life of postmenopausal women taking alendronate participating in different physical activity programs

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different physical activity (PA) programs on bone density, balance and quality of life of postmenopausal women taking concomitant alendronate. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 35 volunteers divided into four groups: practitioners of resistance training (RTG, n = 9, 49.8±4.2 years), judo (JUG, n = 11, 52.2±5.3 years), water aerobics (WAG, n = 8, 57.1±7.4 years) and the control group (CG, n = 7, 53.8±4.4 years). Methods: The following assessment tools were used: bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry of the spine and proximal femur, the ‘Osteoporosis Assessment Questionnaire’ (OPAQ) and the ‘Static Balance Test with Visual Control’. The physical activities were planned for 12 months in cycles with different intensities. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for analysis between groups, and a Scheffé post-hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. Results: The multiple comparisons results showed that the RTG and JUG groups were significantly more efficient in the variables studied, including: lumbar BMD (Δ% = 6.8%, p = 0.001), balance (Δ% = 21.4%, p = 0.01), OPAQ (Δ% = 9.1%, p = 0.005) and lumbar BMD (Δ% = 6.4%, p = 0.003), balance (Δ% = 14%, p = 0.02) and OPAQ (Δ% = 16.8%, p = 0.000) compared with the CG. Furthermore, the RTG (Δ% = 4.8%, p = 0.02) was significantly better than the WAG for the neck of femur BMD, and the JUG (Δ% = 16.8, p = 0.0003) also demonstrated superiority to the WAG in the OPAQ. Conclusions: The physical activities studied appear to improve BMD, balance and quality of life of postmenopausal women taking a bisphosphonate. In this small sample, the RTG and the JUG groups were superior to the other groups.

Influência da ordem dos exercícios sobre o número de repetições e percepção subjetiva do esforço em mulheres jovens e idosas

There are few studies about the effects of exercise order on strength training performance in elderly subjects. This study compared the influence of exercise order in resistive training on the number of repetitions and perceived exertion of 8 older (69±7 years) and 12 young women (22±2 years). The subjects performed three sets until exhaustion with loads established at 10 maximum repetitions (10 RM) with inverted sequences of the following exercises: Sequence A - bench press (BP), military press (MP), pulley triceps extension (TP); Sequence B - TP, MP, and BP. The two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements showed that the number of repetitions in the young group was always smaller for the last exercise, regardless of the sequence or muscle group involved (p <0.05). The number of repetitions was not different in Sequence A for the older group, but declined significantly in Sequence B (p < 0.05). Perceived exertion was similar in both sequences for the young group, but in the older group it was significantly higher in Sequence B (p <0 .05). In conclusion, exercise order was indifferent for the young group performance, but influenced in the maximum number of repetitions in each exercise and perceived exertion at the end of the sequences in the older group.

MOTIVOS DE INGRESSO NOS PROGRAMAS DE EXERCÍCIOS FÍSICOS OFERECIDOS PELO SERVIÇO SOCIAL DO COMÉRCIO – SESC-DF

The objective of this study was to identify the reasons of adherence of the practitioners of physical exercises of the Centers of Activities of the SESC-DF and to verify if they differentiate according to sex, age and types of physical exercises. A representative sample of 986 individuals of both sexes (?15 years) answered a questionnaire constructed and validated by Alves (2004). The data reveal that the informants entered the programs (a) following medical indication, (b) to prevent problems of health and (c) to improve the physical conditioning. These results suggest that the argument concerning health is the main reason that justifies the adherence to the programs of physical exercises of the SESC-DF. Keywords: Physical Exercise; Adherence; Reasons; SESC/DF.

Efeitos do treinamento resistido sobre variáveis relacionadas com a baixa densidade óssea de mulheres menopausadas tratadas com alendronato

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease of the human skeleton. OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of resistance training on bone mineral density (BMD), muscular strength, balance and quality of life in menopausal women taking Alendronate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen female volunteers participated in the study. The volunteers were separated into two groups: resistance training participants (n=9; 49.7±4.2 years) and control group (n=7; 53.8±4.4 years). The following evaluation instruments were used: absorptiometry-DXA (which measured the lumbar spine L2-L4, neck femur, Wards triangle and major trochanter), the Osteoporosis Assessment Questionnaire (OPAQ) and a balance test. The training was applied in 12 months, divided in six cycles with intensity of 70-90% of the maximum load (10RM). Parametric tests for intra-group analysis (t or Wilcoxon) and (Anova) for inter-groups, were used. RESULTS: Significant differences in the resistance training group were found in the bones variables: lumbar L2-L4 (6.8%, p=0.001), neck femur (4.8%, p=0.005) and trochanter (0.76%, p=0.005). In addition, significant differences were also found for body balance (21.4%, p=0.001), quality of life (9.1%, p=0.001) and all muscular strength measurements, such as in leg press 45° (49.3%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the methodology applied to resistance training can be recommended for menopausal women with low BMD.

Influence of Exercise Order on the Number of Repetitions, Oxygen Uptake, and Rate of Perceived Exertion During Strength Training in Younger and Older Women

Abstract Farinatti, PTV, da Silva, NSL, and Monteiro, WD. Influence of exercise order on the number of repetitions, oxygen uptake, and rate of perceived exertion during strength training in younger and older women. J Strength Cond Res 27(3): 776–785, 2013—The study investigated the effect of resistance exercise order on the number of repetitions, oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) and rate perceived exertion (RPE) in younger (YG: N = 10; 22 ± 2 years; V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak 42.2 ± 2.9 ml·kg−1·min−1) and older (EG: N = 8; 69 ± 7 years; V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak 22.7 ± 2.5 ml·kg−1·min−1) women. The subjects performed 3 sets of each exercise until fatigue using 10 repetition maximum in 2 sequences of opposite order: (a) sequence A (SEQA): bench press (BP), machine shoulder press (SP), pulley triceps extension (TE); (b) sequence B (SEQB): TE–SP–BP. The V[Combining Dot Above]O2 was assessed during the exercises, rest intervals, and 20 minutes after sequences (postexercise oxygen consumption [EPOC]). The number of repetitions decreased in both groups (p < 0.05) throughout sets. No difference (p > 0.22) was found between sequences for total V[Combining Dot Above]O2 (exercise sequences + EPOC) in YG (SEQA = 25.41 ± 6.51 L vs. SEQB = 24.81 ± 4.08 L) and EG (SEQA = 26.45 ± 5.24 L vs. SEQB = 26.91 ± 4.62 L). In both groups, the V[Combining Dot Above]O2 within the sequences was higher during BP when it was placed at the end of SEQB, the same occurring with TE in SEQA (p < 0.05). The V[Combining Dot Above]O2 within sequences and RPE were higher in SEQB compared with SEQA (p < 0.05) in EG but not in YG. In conclusion, the exercise order did not affect total V[Combining Dot Above]O2. The V[Combining Dot Above]O2 within a given sequence was always lower when an exercise was performed first as compared with last regardless of the exercise order. Accumulated fatigue reflected by the V[Combining Dot Above]O2 within sequences and RPE was influenced by the exercise order only in EG, suggesting that to prevent early fatigue, resistance training sessions in this group should preferably progress from large toward small-muscle group exercises.

Influência das variáveis do treinamento contra-resistência sobre o consumo de oxigênio em excesso após o exercício: uma revisão sistemática

O exercicio contra-resistencia (ECR) pode contribuir para o aumento da taxa metabolica de repouso (TMR). E consenso na literatura que o volume da sessao de ECR pode repercutir em maior gasto calorico e que, apos o exercicio, o consumo de oxigenio em excesso (EPOC) pode variar de acordo com a caracteristica do programa de exercicio. Contudo, ainda nao e possivel definir qual ou quais variaveis de prescricao tem maior impacto sobre o EPOC em sessoes de ECR. O objetivo do estudo foi efetuar uma revisao sistematica sobre os estudos que se propuseram a investigar as relacoes entre o EPOC e variaveis de treinamento em ECR. Os 17 estudos selecionados foram agrupados por similaridade de tratamento (numero de series, intensidade, intervalos de recuperacao, velocidade da contracao muscular e ordem dos exercicios). Tecnicas de estatistica descritiva foram utilizadas na tentativa de estabelecer possiveis tendencias nas relacoes dose-resposta. Posteriormente, os dados foram analisados de forma qualitativa. De todas as variaveis analisadas, o curto intervalo de recuperacao e o modo de prescricao no formato em circuito foram aquelas com maior impacto provavel sobre a magnitude do EPOC. Quanto as demais variaveis, limitacoes metodologicas nao permitem estabelecer tendencias, principalmente no tocante a duracao do EPOC. Adicionalmente, constata-se a necessidade de padronizacao de aspectos importantes para a quantificacao do EPOC, como o tempo de observacao do apos o exercicio e a forma de afericao da TMR.

Acute Effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on the Number of Repetitions Performed During a Multiple Set Resistance Exercise Protocol.

Abstract Keese, F, Farinatti, P, Massaferri, R, Matos-Santos, L, Silva, N, and Monteiro, W. Acute effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching on the number of repetitions performed during a multiple set resistance exercise protocol. J Strength Cond Res 27(11): 3028–3032, 2013—It has been proposed that fatigue during strength exercise is negatively influenced by prior proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching. However, it is possible that the effects of PNF on muscle endurance are affected by stretching duration. This study investigated the influence of PNF on the number of repetitions of the leg curl exercise performed with multiple sets and submaximal load. Nineteen men (age 25 ± 1 years, weight 75.8 ± 4.2 kg, height 178.1 ± 3.8 cm, 10-repetition maximum [RM] 78.3 ± 6.9 kg) performed 4 sets of leg curl with 10RM load with and without previous PNF (3 sets of hip flexion either with knees extended or flexed, duration ∼2.5 minutes). The total number of repetitions decreased along sets in both situations (38.6% in control and 41.0% in PNF sessions, p < 0.001). However, no difference between control and PNF was detected for the number of repetitions in each set (first set, p = 0.330; second set, p = 0.072; third set, p = 0.061; fourth set, p = 0.150). In conclusion, the number of repetitions performed in multiple sets of the leg curl was not decreased by prior PNF stretching. Therefore, it appears that a moderate level of PNF could be used before resistance exercise with a minimal negative effect.

Influence of counter-resistance training variables on elderly muscular strength: a systematic review with emphasis on dose/response relationships

Muscular force is considered an important component of physical exercise programs. The results of this type of training depend on the combination of the number of repetitions, series, overload, sequence and intervals between series and exercises. However, it is still not very clear yet what the best combination of these variables for a good stimulus/response relationship in elderly people is. The objective of this study was to analyze the research on power-training for elderly people by means of systematic revision, with the intention to identify common trends in terms of effect of the training provoked by the manipulation of these variables. After definition of inclusion criteria, 22 cases were selected and grouped by treatment similarity (number of series; weekly frequency; intensity; intervals and order of the exercises). Techniques of descriptive statistics were used in order to determine possible trends in the stimulus/response relationship. Once identified, these trends were qualitatively analyzed. Among the variables revised, only for intensity of overload evidence that allows affirming that heavier loads would be more effective to induce force increase in this age group was found. Concerning the remaining variables, the results available in the literature do not support accurate inferences in terms of the best type of training program that connects effectiveness and safety. Therefore further studies should be conducted in order to experimentally compare the effects of the manipulation of these variables on muscular force in elderly people.

Factors that contribute to low bone density in postmenopausal women in different Amazonian communities

Background: The aim of this study was to verify socioeconomic differences, nutrition, body balance and quality of life (QoL) in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD) in two Amazonian communities. Methods: A total of 42 female volunteers participated in the study. The volunteers were separated into two groups: Villa (n = 20; 53 ± 5.5 years) and City (n = 22; 56 ± 7.9 years). The following evaluation instruments were used: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); a socioeconomic questionnaire; a QoL questionnaire; a dietary habits questionnaire; and a balance test. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used. Results: The data showed significant differences in socioeconomic level (Δ%=+15.9%, p = 0.000), lumbar spine L2-L4 (Δ% = +0.10%, p = 0.007), balance (Δ% = +4.3%, p = 0.03) and some important aspects of nutrition, such as the consumption of milk (Δ%=+34%, p = 0.01) and alcohol (+14.8%, p = 0.0001). These significant differences also contributed to the total QoL score (Δ%=+76.2%, p = 0.000) and the majority of the QoL-related functions. Conclusion: This study verified that socioeconomic level, nutritional status, physical activity levels and QoL can influence the BMD of postmenopausal women. The study suggests new strategies for official health organizations to use in order to prevent and treat osteoporosis. In addition, this study can provide an orientation to physical activity, nutrition and medical professionals.