Paulo de Tarso Veras Farinatti

Influence of exercise order on the number of repetitions performed and perceived exertion during resistance exercises.

This study examined the performance effects of exercise order during a resistance-training session composed of only upper-body exercises. The 10 repetition maxmimum of 14 men and 4 women with at least 6 months of previous weight-training experience was determined for 5 upper-body exercises. Each subject then completed 2 training sessions separated by 48 hours in a counterbalanced crossover design. One session began with exercises of the large-muscle group and progressed to exercises of the small-muscle group (sequence A), whereas the other session was performed with the opposite exercise sequence (sequence B). The exercise order for sequence A was free-weight bench press (BP), machine lat pull-down (LPD), seated machine shoulder press (SP), standing free-weight biceps curl (BC) with a straight bar, and seated machine triceps extension (TE). The exercise order for sequence B was TE, BC, SP, LPD, and BP. During both sequences, 3 sets of each exercise were performed to concentric failure, with 2-minute recovery intervals between sets and exercises. Performing exercises of both the large- and the small-muscle groups at the end of an exercise sequence resulted in significantly fewer repetitions in the 3 sets of an exercise. This decrease in the number of repetitions performed was especially apparent in the third set when an exercise was performed last in an exercise sequence.

Effects of resistance training intensity, volume, and session format on the postexercise hypotensive response.

The effect of resistance exercise (RE) on the postexercise systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) response in young men was investigated. Group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2) performed three 6 repetition maximum (6RM) sets in a set repetition format for 5 and 6 exercises, respectively. G1 and G2 also performed a circuit and set repetition format session, respectively, using 50% of the 6RM for 3 sets of 12 repetitions (12-repetition protocol). SBP and DBP were determined before and up to 60 minutes postexercise. G1s postexercise SBP demonstrated a significant decrease from its preexercise SBP, lasting 50 minutes after both RE sessions. G2s postexercise SBP demonstrated a significant difference from its preexercise SBP after the 6RM and 12-repetition protocol, lasting 60 and 40 minutes, respectively. The only significant difference in the DBP from rest was at 10 minutes post-exercise for G2 after the 12-repetition-per-set protocol. In summary, results indicate that RE intensity affects the duration, but not the magnitude, of the postexercise hypotensive response.

Análise descritiva de variáveis teoricamente associadas ao risco de quedas em mulheres idosas

As quedas sao um problema de saude publica entre os idosos, em vista da mortalidade, morbidade e dos custos social e economico decorrentes. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a relacao do historico relatado de quedas em um grupo de sujeitos com mais de 65 anos de idade, participantes de um programa de atividades fisicas, com variaveis apontadas pela literatura como associadas ao risco desses eventos: visao, uso de medicamentos, doencas associadas, flexibilidade, forca e equilibrio. Apos entrevista com um grupo inicial de 72 sujeitos, foram selecionadas 30 pessoas cujos relatos indicaram maior frequencia de quedas nos ultimos 12 meses e apos os 65 anos de idade. As variaveis de exposicao foram testadas neste subgrupo e os resultados comparados com a frequencia de quedas por meio de estatistica descritiva (valores absolutos e relativos), com uso de tabelas de contingencia confeccionadas para cada variavel. Os resultados indicaram que a deterioracao da visao, uso simultâneo de medicamentos (especialmente diureticos e psicoativos) e flexibilidade reduzida (quadril e tornozelos) parecem associar-se com a frequencia de quedas nos periodos observados. Esses fatores deveriam ser considerados em programas para prevencao de quedas em idosos.Falls are a public health problem among elderly persons having in mind the mortality and morbidity rates, and the social and economical costs they cause. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of the historic of falls reported in a group of individuals with more than 65 years old participating in a physical activity program, with variables defined by the literature as being associated to the risk of these kind of event: lack of sight, use of drugs, related diseases, poor strength and balance. After an interview with an initial group composed by 72 individuals, it was selected a sample of 30 persons whose reports indicated major frequency of falls in the previous twelve months, with ages after 65 years old. The exposition variables were tested in this subgroup, and the results were compared with the frequency of falls by means of a descriptive statistics (absolute and relative values) using contingency charts for each variable. Results indicated that the deterioration of sight, the simultaneous use of drugs (especially diuretics and psycho-actives) and reduced flexibility (hips and ankles) seem to be associated with the frequency of falls in the period observed. Such factors should be considered in programs designed to prevent falls in the elderly.

Considerações sobre a medida da pressão arterial em exercícios contra-resistência

Considerations on blood pressure assessment during resistive exercise Cardiovascular demands during exercise are related to arterial blood pressure (BP). However, BP assessment during resistive exercises (RE) can be biased by limitations of measurement techniques. The purpose of this paper was to review the methods of BP assessment during RE, and to suggest ways to minimize differences between indirect and direct methods. Intra-arterial catheterism () is considered the gold-standard for BP assessment. However, its application is unusual and not recommended for healthy individuals, due to enhanced risk of pain, arterial spasm and occlusion, syncope, or blending. The most common indirect methods are the photoplethysmographic () and auscultation (AU) techniques. There are few studies comparing these methods during RE. Only one paper was found comparing IC to Finapres, and three comparing IC to AU. In conclusion, despite its precision, IC utilization to assess BP during RE in healthy subjects seems not to be feasible nor ethical. Finapres is considered the best indirect procedure, but it relies on an expensive device which is no longer available, since its production was discontinued. On the other hand, AU can lead to important underestimation of the actual BP values, depending on the exercise characteristics. RESUMO A pressao arterial ( PA) e uma variavel cuja quantificacao em sessoes de treinamento e desejavel, ja que tem relacao com as demandas cardiovasculares no esforco. No caso de exercicios contra-resistencia ( ECR), porem, os valores obtidos estao sujeitos a erros, dependendo da tecnica de medida adotada. Este texto tem por objetivo revisar os metodos de medida da PA no ECR, sugerindo formas de reduzir as discrepâncias das medidas indiretas quando comparadas com o metodo direto. A medida direta da PA e feita por cateterismo intra-arterial ( CI). Este metodo e tido como padrao-ouro mas, devido a sua natureza invasiva, e um procedimento pouco usual. Alem disso, sua aplicacao nao seria indicada em individuos assintomaticos, uma vez associada a riscos de dor, espasmo e oclusao arterial, sincope vasovagal e sangramento. Dentre os metodos indiretos, destacam-se o fotoplestimografico (Finapres) e o auscultatorio (MA). Poucos sao os estudos comparativos entre esses procedimentos de medida durante ECR, a enfase sendo maior em atividades aerobias e no repouso. Dentre os estudos revisados, nao foram localizados trabalhos comparando o CI com Finapres durante ECR e apenas tres com o metodo auscultatorio. Em suma, o CI parece pouco viavel e etico para quantificar a PA em ECR. O Finapres e con

Prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation associated with aerobic exercise change aspects of appetite sensation in overweight adults

This study investigated whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) isolated or combined with aerobic exercise influenced the desire to eat, hunger, and satiety in overweight subjects. Nine volunteers underwent anodal or sham tDCS (2 mA; 20 min) over DLPFC and isocaloric exercise bouts (70%VO(2)R; ~200 kcal). The appetite sensations were evaluated by visual analogue scales at four moments: I - Baseline; II - After tDCS; III - Post-Exercise and IV - 30-min Post-Exercise. The tDCS on left DLPFC decreased the desire to eat at baseline (tDCS -26% vs. -14% Sham). The tDCS associated with exercise had greater suppressing effect in desire to eat compared to either tDCS or exercise alone (tDCS -39% vs. -27% Sham). Moreover, the tDCS associated with exercise decreased hunger (tDCS -48% vs. 36% Sham) and increased satiety (tDCS 28% vs. 7% Sham) immediately after exercise. The post-exercise 30-min recovery elicited an overall increase in appetite. However the increase in desire to eat and hunger after recovery was lower after tDCS (29% and 13%, respectively) compared to sham stimulation (77% and 113%, respectively). These findings in overweight subjects indicate that the combination of tDCS over DLPFC and aerobic exercise induced greater decrease in appetite sensations compared to anodal tDCS or exercise alone.

A força de preensão manual é boa preditora do desempenho funcional de idosos frágeis: um estudo correlacional múltiplo

Hand-grip strength (HGS) has been used to predict functional limitation in the elderly. However, this relationship in all situations is doubtful. The purpose of the study was to observe the association between HGS and functional performance (FP), in specific and not specific tasks among 19 long-term home elderly residents, 12 men (70±6 yrs; 64±9 kg; 160±10 cm) and 7 women (77±11 yrs; 49±10 kg; 147±10 cm). HGS was measured by a hydraulic hand dynamometer. The FP was measured by the time to perform the following tasks: 1) habitual gait speed (HGS); 2) timed up & go test (TUGT); 3) opening a lock with a key (OLK); 4) to take off and put in a light bulb (TPB). The Wilcoxon test revealed that men were better than women in all measurements except for the IMC, OLK and TPL (p<0.05). The Spearman coefficients showed significant correlation between HGS and three FP tests: TPL (r=-.54; p=.018); TUGT (r=-.67; p=.002) and HGS (r=-.69; p=.001). The multiple correlation showed good correlation between the HGS and all FP tests (R=.66; R²=.44; p<.04). These results suggest that HGS may be a good predictor for FP, especially for fragile and institutionalized elderly subjects, having a good potential as an epidemiologic exposition variable to forecast functional performance.

Hypotensive effects of resistance exercises performed at different intensities and same work volumes

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper was to compare the effects of twosequences of resistance exercises ( RE ), with different in-tensities but same training volume, on post-exercise bloodpressure responses. Sixteen young subjects with previousexperience in RE were evaluated during three non-follow-ing days in chest press, legpress, pulley pull down, leg curl,shoulder press, and biceps curl. On the first day, the loadassociated with six maximal repetitions ( 6RM ) were deter-mined for each exercise. On the second day, three sets of 6RM were performed ( SEQ6 ), with a two minute intervalbetween the sets. On the last day, the same procedure wasrepeated, but using 12 repetitions with 50% of 6RM load( SEQ12 ). Rest BP was measured before the sequences byauscultatory method. Post-exercise resting BP was measuredeach 10 minutes by ambulatory BP monitoring during 60minutes. The magnitude and duration of BP variability werecompared by repeated ANOVA measures followed by Tuck-ey post-hoc test (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in dias-tolic blood pressure (

The effects of muscle mass and number of sets during resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension.

Polito, MD and Farinatti, PTV. The effects of muscle mass and number of sets during resistance exercise on postexercise hypotension. J Strength Cond Res 23(8): 2351-2357, 2009-The effects of muscle mass and number of sets on postexercise hypotension (PEH) following resistance exercises are barely known. The aim of the study was to compare systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) after biceps curl and leg extension with different number of sets. Twenty-four trained men (23 ± 1 year, 69 ± 4 kg, 173 ± 3 cm) were randomly assigned into control group, arm group, and leg group. On the first day, the 12 repetition maximum (12RM) workload was determined for both experimental groups. In the remaining days, arm group and leg group performed, randomly, 6 or 10 sets of 10 repetitions of the respective exercises at 12RM workload. Blood pressure was assessed before and every 10 minutes after the exercises for 1 hour. The 3-way analysis of variance identified a significant influence of the type of exercise (p = 0.000001), number of sets (p = 0.007), and postexercise period (p = 0.009) on SBP and of the type of exercise (p = 0.03) on MAP. No differences were found among the groups at rest. Postexercise hypotension was only observed for the leg group when 10 sets were performed. In this group, SBP was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower than at rest during all the observation periods (120.6 ± 2.7 vs. 107.1 ± 3.2 to 113.4 ± 2.8 mm Hg) and MAP was significantly lower than at rest only for the 30-minute assessment (90.3 ± 2.1 vs. 85.1 ± 1.5 mm Hg). It is therefore possible that the muscle mass activated during resistance exercise has an influence on PEH, especially in high-volume multiple-set training sessions.

Transcranial direct current stimulation influences the cardiac autonomic nervous control

To investigate whether the manipulation of brain excitability by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates the heart rate variability (HRV), the effect of tDCS applied at rest on the left temporal lobe in athletes (AG) and non-athletes (NAG) was evaluated. The HRV parameters (natural logarithms of LF, HF, and LF/HF) was assessed in 20 healthy men before, and immediately after tDCS and sham stimulation. After anodal tDCS in AG the parasympathetic activity (HF(log)) increased (P<0.01) and the sympathetic activity (LF(log)) and sympatho-vagal balance (LF/HF(log)) decreased (P<0.01), whereas no significant effects were detected in NAG (P>0.05). No significant changes in HRV indexes were provoked by sham stimulation in both AG and NAG (P>0.05). In conclusion, tDCS applied on the left temporal lobe significantly increased the overall HRV in AG, enhancing the parasympathetic and decreasing the sympathetic modulation of heart rate. Consequently the sympatho-vagal balance decreased at rest in AG but not in NAG. Releasing a weak electric current to stimulate selected brain areas may induce favorable effects on the autonomic control to the heart in highly fit subjects.

A comparison of the immediate effects of resistance, aerobic, and concurrent exercise on postexercise hypotension.

Keese, F, Farinatti, P, Pescatello, L, and Monteiro, W. A comparison of the immediate effects of resistance, aerobic, and concurrent exercise on postexercise hypotension. J Strength Cond Res 25(5): 1429-1436, 2011-A comparison of the immediate effects of resistance, aerobic, and concurrent exercise on postexercise hypotension. The influence of resistance exercise (RE), aerobic exercise (AE), and concurrent exercise (CE) on postexercise hypotension (PEH) is not known. We investigated the immediate blood pressure (BP) lowering effects of exercise after RE, AE, and CE sessions among healthy subjects. Twenty-one men (20.7 ± 0.7 years) performed 4 experimental sessions each in a within-subject design: control (CTL-seated rest for 60 minutes), RE (3 sets at 80% 1RM for 8 exercises, including upper and lower limbs), AE (7-minutes warm-up followed by 50 minutes of cycle ergometer exercise at 65% &OV0312;o2peak and 3-minute cooldown), and CE (2 sets at 80% 1RM for 6 exercises among those which composed the RE session, plus 20 minutes of cycle ergometer exercise at 65% &OV0312;o2peak, 7-minute warm-up and 3-minute cooldown, exactly in this order). The total duration of each exercise session was approximately 60 minutes. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were assessed by ambulatory monitoring at rest (20 minutes) and every 10 minutes after the exercise during 120 minutes while in the laboratory. The duration of the decrease in SBP was longer after AE and CE (120 minutes) compared to RE (80 minutes); and for DBP after AE (50 minutes) compared to CE (40 minutes) and RE (20 minutes) (p < 0.05). The magnitude of the decrease in SBP and DBP was similar after all exercise sessions and significantly different from CTL (p < 0.05) (SBP: RE = 4.1 ± 2.0 mm Hg, AE = 6.3 ± 1.3 mm Hg, CE = 5.1 ± 2.2 mm Hg; DBP: RE = 1.8 ± 1.1 mm Hg, AE = 1.8 ± 1.0 mm Hg, CE = 1.6 ± 0.6 mm Hg). It was concluded that exercise sessions combining aerobic and resistance activities are as effective as AE sessions and more effective than RE sessions to promote PEH.