Naif Haddad

Integration of Laser Scanning and Imagery for Photorealistic 3D Architectural Documentation

Documentation of architectural and archaeological sites and monuments is an activity that requires the capture of information from different sources. Metric information is mandatory as the basis for documentation, information management, archiving, analysis, monitoring and dissemination activities, among others. In highly weathered environments, accurate 3D models are required for multi-temporal analysis over time in 4D, altogether with imagery. Experience has shown that it is possible to provide the necessary information with the required accuracy and completeness only by integration of multisource data (Georgopoulos & Ioannidis, 2006). Especially in large and complex monuments parallel use of geodetic and surveying measurements, photogrammetric data acquisition with imagery and terrestrial laser scans has proven to be the ideal combination (Haddad, 2007; Haddad & Ishakat, 2007). Furthermore, the multi-sensor integration of surveying data (not only terrestrial but also aerial) and architectural needs should be combined with a multi-resolution approach, spanning from few centimetres down to millimetres, if necessary, both in geometry and in texture (Guidi et al., 2008; Remondino et al., 2009). A general overview of the typical requirements and solutions for cultural heritage documentation based on purpose, product, methodology or eventual emphasis is presented in Patias (2006). Modern technology has changed matters in documentation radically and promises to keep bringing rapid changes. Photographic and non-photographic (graphic) documentation tools are merging in one process, in which the digital photographic technology is the main base (Haddad, 2010; Haddad & Akasheh, 2005). Until the wide spread used of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for cultural heritage documentation, most of the multi-temporal information for documentation and conservation activities was based mainly on graphic documentation: 2D drawings of elevation plans, cross-section and last but not least, images (analogue or digital). However, photographs are easier to interpret and recognize than drawings; they contain information about surface detail and can provide information on the condition of a monument, before, during, and after restoration. Nowadays, the afore-mentioned documents are still requested by architects or building personnel but the analysis is starting

Integration of TLS Data and Non-metric Imagery to Improve Photo Models and Recording - A Case Study on Djin Block No. 9, Petra (Jordan)

In this paper we present a methodology to accurately derive 3D photo models of a World Heritage monument by means of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and close range photogrammetry. TLS will provide 3D point clouds as well as rough photo models that can substantially be improved draping texture with external imagery. The tomb Djin Block No. 9 in Petra is used to compare texture results delivered by the camera of the terrestrial laser scanner versus an external off-the-shelf digital camera. The issue of image resection and calibration of non-metric single imagery is tackled making use of a digital surface model. The presented approach is suitable for off-the-self digital cameras and can cope with single images without overlap. Results show that it is possible, on the one hand, to enhance photo models draping external imagery onto the 3D model, and on the other, to take advantage of single non-metric images to record cultural heritage.

From Hand Survey to 3D Laser Scanning: A Discussion for Non-Technical Users of Heritage Documentation

Digital technology has changed our approaches to cultural heritage documentation radically and promises to continue to bring rapid changes. Photographic and non-photographic (graphic) documentation tools are merging in one process, in which digital photographic technology is the main base. Due to digital technology, there is an increasing gap between specialist technicians and non-technical users involved in heritage documentation. 3D approaches are still not popular among users in cultural heritage. However, in order to build a bridge between the specialist and non-technical users, a dialogue between them needs to be developed, not only to discuss issues of data precision and 3D accuracy, but also visualization production systems, which can now easily be achieved by modern digital photographic technology. This paper presents a comparative evaluation and synthesis of cultural heritage documentation methods and survey techniques currently available, focusing on the needs and requirements of non-technical u...Abstract Digital technology has changed our approaches to cultural heritage documentation radically and promises to continue to bring rapid changes. Photographic and non-photographic (graphic) documentation tools are merging in one process, in which digital photographic technology is the main base. Due to digital technology, there is an increasing gap between specialist technicians and non-technical users involved in heritage documentation. 3D approaches are still not popular among users in cultural heritage. However, in order to build a bridge between the specialist and non-technical users, a dialogue between them needs to be developed, not only to discuss issues of data precision and 3D accuracy, but also visualization production systems, which can now easily be achieved by modern digital photographic technology. This paper presents a comparative evaluation and synthesis of cultural heritage documentation methods and survey techniques currently available, focusing on the needs and requirements of non-technical users of heritage documentation. It attempts to clarify some new aspects in cultural heritage documentation and to assess the impact of current technology. The paper undertakes a comparative evaluation of the potential application of digital methods in documentation — and examines issues such as quality, accuracy, time, costs and specific skills required — from pre-electronic techniques (hand measurement) to 3D laser scanning, which today represents the most advanced technology available for measuring and documenting objects, structures and landscapes.

Criteria for the Assessment of the Modern Use of Ancient Theatres and Odea

ERATO is a research project entitled ‘Identification, Evaluation and Revival of the Acoustical Heritage of Ancient Theatres and Odea’ that was implemented within the Fifth Framework INCO‐MED Programme of the European Commission, under the thematic title ‘Preserving and Using Cultural Heritage’. The project was designed to identify virtual restoration and the revival of the acoustical and architectural heritage. The project also addressed the issue of establishing criteria for the assessment of the modern use of ancient theatres and odea. Ancient theatres are threatened by erosion through time and improper use. The desire to use ancient sites with theatres and odea for modern activities is very tempting for modern societies. In fact, reuse is currently used as a means of conservation as well as justification for the enormous costs that restoration and conservation entail. However, decision makers and those involved with conservation are generally more conservative and reluctant to encourage reuse. It is important to realise that we are dealing with man‐made space designed for dialogue between audience and actors and hence criteria should be developed to enhance consistent and conscious decisions aimed at the conservation of such spaces. Criteria should be sought that consider several parameters related to human comfort, besides architecture and acoustic qualities. This paper discusses and evaluates, in general, the criteria relating to the modern use of ancient theatres and odea through understanding their value, ancient and current use, kinds of contemporary use, causes of deterioration and threats, and their cultural significance, while reviewing the main issues related to the international charters on the use of ancient places of performance.

The Baptism Archaeological Site of Bethany Beyond Jordan: Towards an Assessment for a Management Plan

Thanks to the 1996 archaeological excavations on the eastern side of the Jordan River, the Jesus baptism archaeological site of Bethany beyond Jordan was identified. This internationally significant historical and religious site has the potential to become one of the most popular stops on the regional Holy Land tourism circuit. The work up to date has identified 15 related sites, dated to the Roman and Byzantine periods, within an area of about 600 hectares. Most of the excavated sites are still under conservation and restoration and provide great challenges for the cultural heritage society. However, while the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities of Jordan and other interested stakeholders and individuals believe that the site should be developed appropriately, people involved with conservation are generally more conservative and reluctant to encourage the use of the site for tourism purposes and activities, before understanding and evaluating the potential impacts. The infrastructure system adapted to the site still suffers from many deficiencies, mainly related to insufficient planning practices, acting as a challenge for tourism and local community development. There is a need to evaluate and develop an appropriate religious and eco-tourism plan, to enhance consistent conservation within such a fragile historical and eco-religious context. This approach should consider several parameters related to a “sustainable holy and eco-site”, such as the environmental, spiritual, religious values, architecture, landscape qualities, and human comfort. This can mainly be achieved through systematic site management and planning, taking into consideration the issues of controlling use and monitoring in all phases of preservation and developing the site for modern use. This paper attempts to present and evaluate, the impact of activities and services to the cultural significance of the site, taking into consideration the area status and the sites particularity and capacities. This will be achieved through: 1) a general understanding of why the baptism archaeological site should be preserved, by evaluating its cultural significance, the existing conditions, and defining the causes of deterioration and threats (natural and human), and 2) understanding how the cultural significance and the attraction factors of the baptism site, should guide and direct the management plan.

Documentation of weathered architectural heritage with visible, near infrared, thermal and laser scanning data

Documentation of cultural heritage requires simple, quick and easy to use multi-sensor approaches to determine the state of conservation of monuments and sites. The documentation of a highly weathered architectural heritage such as the Obelisk Tomb is a good example to test the performance integrating multispectral imagery and laser scanning data. The Obelisk Tomb is the first important facade that a visitor sees while entering to the archaeological site of Petra in Jordan. The rich architectural formations carry Egyptian, Hellenistic and Nabataean influences. The damage that was inflicted on this unique monument led us to study it applying a number of modern digital techniques including 3D scanning, multispectral photography with visible and near infrared images, and thermography. All the multiband content is initially registered onto different multispectral bands. The multispectral information is enhanced and eventually draped onto the 3D laser scanning model in order to improve documentation and analys...

Towards a Risk Management and Conservation Plan for the Djin Blocks at the World Heritage Site of Petra, Jordan: The Case of Djin Block No. 9

Cultural heritage is subjected to many pressures and risks. Over the past few years, the use of digital technologies has significantly changed the approaches to cultural heritage documentation for the purpose of condition assessment and conservation. The integration of novel approaches and techniques has permitted a detailed examination and assessment of damage, deterioration due to weathering and erosion, and their mechanisms. This study seeks to contribute to the preservation and conservation of the significant heritage of the so-called Djin Blocks at the World Heritage Site of Petra in Jordan. While these three dimensional cuboid rock-cut monuments have been subject to extensive conservation studies, this is the first time they have been subjected to 3D recording and multispectral photography, with the aim of recording damage caused by the ravages of time. This study presents the results of the documentation of the case study Djin Block No. 9. A variety of systematic documentation techniques were used, including 3D recording with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), close-range photogrammetry, multispectral imaging, and thermography records. In addition, pathological studies of the erosion from various causes and an analysis of the effect of weathering on Djin Block No. 9 are performed. Based on this data, the paper presents recommendations for developing risk management and conservation planning of Djin Block No. 9.

CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION OF THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF ANCIENT THEATRES AND ODEA IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

Abstract Many aspects of ancient theatres have attracted interest in recent years. The theatres of the Eastern Mediterranean are among the most precious and spectacular monuments of cultural heritage in the region, with an important role in cultural diversity and social and economic development. Theatre reuse not only serves conservation but also raises public awareness. There is a need to generate a strategy or process for preserving and using theatre heritage as records of Eastern Mediterranean history. This paper investigates how interpretation through reuse can enhance the role of theatres, especially those in an urban setting. New ideas for construction and installation of removable structures are presented, with the aim of establishing regulations on the use of each site with theatres and odea. Finally, it discusses how to enhance and preserve the historic information, the artistic and structural requirements and acoustic standards in ancient theatres, especially the appropriate or necessary level of sound clarity.

Notes on anthropogenic risks mitigation management and recovery of ancient theatres’ heritage: Qualitative assessment and recommendations

Purpose Ancient theatres and odea are one of the most significant and creative socio-cultural edutainment centres of human history that are still in use. They stood and served as huge multi-functional structures for social, religious, propaganda and political meeting space. Meanwhile, ancient theatres’ sites have an intrinsic value for all people, and as a vital basis for cultural diversity, social and economic development, they should continue to be a source of information for future generations. Though, all places with ancient theatre heritage should be assessed as to their potential risk from any anthropogenic or natural process. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The main paper’s objective is to discuss mainly the anthropogenic and technical risks, vulnerability and impact issues on the ancient classical theatres. While elaborating on relevant recent studies, where the authors were involved in ERATO and ATHENA European projects for ancient theatres and odea, this paper provides a brief overview of the main aspects of the anthropogenic qualitative risks and related issues for selected classical antiquity theatres. Some relevant cases are critically presented and investigated in order to examine and clarify the main risk mitigation issues as an essential prerequisite for theatre heritage preservation and its interface with heritage reuse. Findings Theatre risk mitigation is an ongoing and challenging task. By preventive conservation, theatre anthropogenic qualitative risks’ management can provide a framework for decision making. The needed related guidelines and recommendations that provide a systematic approach for sustainable management and planning in relation mainly to “ancient theatre compatible use” and “theatre technical risks” are analysed and presented. This is based on identification, classification and assessment of the theatre risk causes and contributing factors and their mitigation. Originality/value The paper also suggests a new methodological approach for the theatre anthropogenic qualitative risk assessment and mitigation management, and develop some recommendations that provide a systematic approach for theatre site managers and heritage experts to understand, assess, and mitigate risks mainly due to anthropogenic and technical threats.