Nancy Peterson

Sex Hormones and the Immune Response

The administration of 75 microgram/kg of estradiol 17beta at successively later stages in the immune response of female guinea pigs to penicilloyl-coupled cavian globulins showed that this steroid reduces the rate of attainment of the maximum titer, the magnitude of the titer achieved, and the rate of titer decay. Control titers maximized at the third experimental week and diminished to one third the peak value by the 6th week. When steroid treatment was begun coincidentally with inoculation (week 0), the peak titer was delayed by 3 weeks, and by 2 weeks when hormone priming was begun at week 1 or 2. The highest antibody titers achieved in the presence of estrogen were 25-30% lower than those of sesame oil controls. The greatest immunosuppressive effect was observed when estradiol was given at the peak of the immune response, the titer dropping by 50% and remaining at that level for the next 4 weeks in spite of continued antigen inoculation and steroid treatment. Titer decay after the end of the inoculation course was prevented by estradiol but not by progesterone, CHP, or these same oil vehicle.

Improving Outcomes of Preeclampsia in California: From Review of Maternal Death to Quality Care Collaboratives

Childbearing Poster Presentation Objective To describe characteristics of women in California who died from preeclampsia/eclampsia in 2002 to 2004, identify contributing factors and quality improvement opportunities, and report on process and outcome measures from a multihospital, statewide learning collaborative that implemented a Maternity Care Improvement Preeclampsia Toolkit. Design In 2004, the California Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health Division developed an enhanced surveillance method to identify maternal deaths from administrative data; womens abstracted medical records were reviewed by an expert committee to determine causes of death and opportunities for prevention. Setting Data were collected as part of the California Pregnancy-Associated Mortality Review (CA-PAMR) and from CA-PAMR committee determination after case review. Data collection included classification of pregnancy-relatedness, contributing factors, and quality improvement opportunities. Learning Collaborative participants submitted process and outcomes measures related to the implementation of the Preeclampsia Toolkit. Sample Cases of pregnancy-related deaths (145) from preeclampsia/eclampsia in California between 2002 and 2004 from 26 hospitals in a statewide learning collaborative. Methods Mixed methods analysis was conducted of the CA-PAMR data; Learning Collaborative data were analyzed using frequency and trend charts. Results After case review, 145 maternal deaths from 2002 to 2004 were determined to be pregnancy-related. Preeclampsia was the second leading cause of death accounting for 17% of all pregnancy-related deaths in 2002 to 2004. The women who died from preeclampsia in California from 2002 to 2004 were more likely to be Hispanic, multiparous, and have normal body mass index (BMI) compared to women who died of other pregnancy-related causes. Nearly all ( n = 24/25) of these deaths were determined to have some degree of preventability, with half having a good-to-strong chance. Analysis of the opportunities to improve quality and reduce preventable maternal deaths revealed themes related to the need for recognition and response to clinical triggers (i.e., warning signs) in clinical status and care coordination. Learning collaborative participants reported increased levels of awareness and education regarding the importance of treating severe hypertension in pregnant women as a result of debriefing activity. Sites improved methods for medical chart documentation and coding, and overall data quality improvements as they apply to women with hypertensive disorders, including preeclampsia. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice Implementation of the Preeclampsia Toolkit in the multihospital, statewide Learning Collaborative is intended to reduce rates of severe maternal morbidity and prolonged postpartum length of stay. Learning Collaborative participants who adopted the Toolkit showed measurable improvement in the ability of their sites to respond to this leading cause of pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality.

INTRACELLULAR ELECTROLYTE PATTERNS AND TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIALS OF ISOLATED ATRIA.

Transmembrane potentials of electrically driven isolated guinea pig atria were recorded before and after three general types of manipulation of the external ionic environment: reduction of Na and Cl (sucrose substitution), reduction of Na but not Cl (choline chloride substitution), and reduction of Cl but not Na (NO 3 substitution). Intracellular electrolyte patterns were determined under the same conditions. In all cases except extreme NO 3 replacement there was little or no decline in resting potential, a moderate decrease in overshoot, and a reduction of the rate of depolarization. These changes were greatly exaggerated in the presence of high external [NO 3 ]. Significant electrolyte shifts were an increase in [Na] i in approximate exchange for [K] i in the presence of NO 3 , and a loss of Cl i when choline chloride was substituted for NaCl. Attempts to predict the changes in resting potential from the analytical data by means of the constant-field equation gave adequate conformance in all cases but that of 100% NO 3 . The Nernst equation was applicable to the overshoot only in the reference solution.