Nara Azevedo

Modernização, políticas públicas e sistema de gênero no Brasil: educação e profissionalização feminina entre as décadas de 1920 e 1940

The social policies and, more specifically, the educational policies implemented in Brazil as of the 1920s in an isolated base, and effectively institutionalized during the Vargas era, encouraged a formal schooling process experimented by an important number of women, mostly by those from an urban middle class. These experiences were considerably responsible for relevant changes in the gender system, particularly in respect to women professional insertion in the academic and scientific world. This article aims to review a rather recognized interpretation in the specialized literature that tends to minimize the consequences produced by these reforms in the educational profile of the female population.

Inovação em vacinas no Brasil: experiência recente e constrangimentos estruturais

This contribution to the current discussion on innovations in the area of science, technology, and health focuses on two experiences in Brazils history: development of hepatitis B (HB) vaccines and of Hib vaccines against meningitis type B (Haemophilus influenzae), produced, respectively, at the Butanta Institute and at Bio-Manguinhos, which is the technical-scientific department of Fiocruz responsible for industrial production of immunobiologics. The analysis of these experiences offers a critical reference point for reflections both on scientific and technological development in the area of vaccines as well as on the role of leadership and institutional models relied upon to date. This analysis suggests that a new science and technology policy should be drawn up, one that would be capable of overcoming the barriers of dependence and of responding to the challenge of reinforcing local technological skills and know-how as a basic source of competitiveness and development in health.

Doença de Chagas: a construção de um fato científico e de um problema de saúde pública no Brasil

O objetivo do artigo e analisar dois periodos da trajetoria de consolidacao e legitimacao cientifica e social da tripanossomiase americana ou doenca de Chagas, descoberta em 1909 no interior de Minas Gerais por Carlos Chagas, pesquisador do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Primeiramente, a fase das pesquisas em Lassance, durante a vida de Chagas, quando foram formulados os enunciados basicos sobre a doenca e, em seguida, a atuacao, nas decadas de 1940 e 1950, do grupo de pesquisadores reunidos no Centro de Estudos e Profilaxia da Molestia de Chagas na cidade mineira de Bambui. Consideramos que a descoberta da tripanossomiase americana, no sentido da validacao dos conhecimentos que tornaram a doenca um objeto estabelecido e aceito, deu-se mediante um processo longo que ultrapassou nao somente o episodio de identificacao da nova doenca, mas inclusive o periodo em que, em Lassance, as pesquisas foram ampliadas por Chagas e seus colaboradores. Nossa hipotese e a de que o trabalho desenvolvido em Bambui foi responsavel por garantir um acordo basico em torno da especificidade patologica e da relevância social da doenca, a partir do qual esta tornou-se efetivamente reconhecida tanto como fato cientifico estabelecido quanto como problema de saude publica.

A Sociedade de Medicina e Cirurgia do Rio de Janeiro: a gênese de uma rede institucional alternativa

Creation of the Rio de Janeiro Medical and Surgical Society serves as the basis for this study of late-19th-century medicine in Brazil. The hypothesis is that beginning in the 1880s changes to institutions and the diversification of medical community inaugurateed the structuring of a field of social relations specific to medical practitioners. With official medical institutions undergoing crises, alternative groups that emerged outside the government framework worked together toward common ends, particularly the construction of a kind of Brazilian medical knowledge that could play a role on the international scientific scenario.

Institucionalização das ciências, sistema de gênero e produção científica no Brasil (1939-1969)

Thanks to policies put in place in the 1930s, womens experiences in higher education increased their professional participation in the academic and scientific worlds. Largely neglected in Brazilian historiography of the sciences, analysis of this phenomenon introduces a new perspective on the meaning of institutionalization and professionalization of scientific activities, a process in which women have played an authentic role. We explore their presence by analyzing the scientific production published in four journals between 1939 and 1969. Gender differences are detected according to the standard of the publication.

Um caminho para a ciência: a trajetória da botânica Leda Dau

, Rio de Janeiro, v. 15, supl., p.209-229, jun. 2008.A entrevista com Leda Dau trata de sua trajetoria profissional, dedicadaa pesquisa e ao ensino em botânica. Ela trabalhou no Museu Nacionalentre 1953 e 1994 e e integrante de uma das primeiras geracoes demulheres a sofrerem o impacto das transformacoes sociais que, a partirda decada de 1920, provocaram mudancas no sistema de generobrasileiro, bem como possibilitaram a crescente escolarizacao eprofissionalizacao femininas, viabilizando o seu acesso ao entao restritomundo da ciencia.Palavras-chave: genero e ciencia; historia de mulheres; botânica;ecologia; Museu Nacional.DAU, Leda. A road to science: the trajectory of the botanist Leda Dau.Interviewed and presentation by Nara Azevedo, Bianca AntunesCortes, Magali Romero Sa. Edited by Bianca Antunes Cortes.

Gênero e ciência: a carreira científica de Aída Hassón-Voloch

Com o objetivo de identificar a presenca e a contribuicao academica das mulheres cientistas, vis-a-vis a de seus colegas homens, na construcao da historia de tres das mais importantes instituicoes de pesquisa localizadas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro – Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Museu Nacional e o Instituto de Biofisica – iniciamos na Casa de Oswaldo Cruz a construcao de um acervo de depoimentos que vem sendo realizados ao longo do ultimo ano. Em que pese o fato destas instituicoes se constituirem nos principais loci de institucionalizacao das ciencias biologicas no pais, pouco ou quase nada se sabe a respeito das cientistas mulheres que ali trabalharam, como se sua presenca nao tivesse deixado rastro nem registro, existindo apenas na memoria de alguns contemporâneos.

A gripe de longe e de perto: comparações entre as pandemias de 1918 e 2009

In this debate, Latin American historians compare the 1918-1919 flu pandemic with the one sweeping the continent in 2009, focusing especially on the experiences in Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil. They analyze the strategies adopted on both occasions, above all isolation measures, port and airport surveillance, and urban interventions. Comparisons are drawn between the actions of federal and local governments, positions taken by doctors and the media, and peoples behavior, particularly regarding fear and death. The debaters also analyze the performance of assistance structures, the treatment and prevention measures recommended by public health agencies and private groups with a vested interest in drug sales, and popular and home remedies. The debate extends to how the 1918 experience has influenced the evaluation of todays crisis and what legacy it may leave behind.

A produtividade científica tem sexo? Um estudo sobre bolsistas de produtividade do CNPq

Analise da composicao sexual, da faixa etaria e da distribuicao entre as areas de conhecimento, entre 2001 e 2012, do grupo de pesquisadores bolsistas produtividade em pesquisa do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq). A partir de uma base de dados estatisticos fornecidos por essa agencia, as principais conclusoes se referem as diferencas na proporcao entre homens e mulheres conforme a area de conhecimento, e ao fenomeno da juvenilizacao, que ocorreu em todas as areas e favoreceu os homens.

A ciência como profissão: entrevista com Carlos Chagas Filho

The editing of this interview focuses on aspects of the extensive professional career of Carlos Chagas Filho, who was the founder of the Instituto de Biofisica of the Universidade do Brasil, currently the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. It highlights the scientific and political role he played in Brazilian science and on the international scene. His memoirs include his experience at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, where he began his scientific training; the efforts to create the Laboratorio de Fisica Biologica, succeeded by the Instituto de Biofisica; his work on the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas and the Academia Brasileira de Ciencias; the part he played at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; his time as president of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences of the Vatican, which led him to ponder questions about the relationship between science and religion.The editing of this interview focuses on aspects of the extensive professional career of Carlos Chagas Filho, who was the founder of the Instituto de Biofisica of the Universidade do Brasil, currently the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. It highlights the scientific and political role he played in Brazilian science and on the international scene. His memoirs include his experience at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, where he began his scientific training; the efforts to create the Laboratorio de Fisica Biologica, succeeded by the Instituto de Biofisica; his work on the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas and the Academia Brasileira de Ciencias; the part he played at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; his time as president of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences of the Vatican, which led him to ponder questions about the relationship between science and religion.