Nathalie Tocci

Europeanization in Turkey: Trigger or Anchor for Reform?

Since late 2001, successive Turkish governments have pursued an ongoing and unprecedented process of domestic political reform. Given the correlation between political reforms and relations with the EU, this process of change has been associated with Turkeys Europeanization. This article analyzes the link between Turkeys reform process and its path to EU accession. Did the accession process trigger the reforms as an external force driving internal change; or has domestic change been spearheaded by domestic actors that have used and been strengthened by the external EU anchor? What appears to be in the making is a process of change largely driven by endogenous factors, whose precise form and timing is intricately linked with the launch of Turkeys accession process.

Turkey and the European Union

1. Introduction 2. History 3. Turkey as an Enlargement Country 4. Turkey as a Neighbour 5. Turkey as a Global Actor 6. The Economy 7. Security 8. Migration and Mobility 9. Democracy and Human Rights 10. Culture and Identity 11. Conclusions

Conflict society: understanding the role of civil society in conflict

This article analyses the relationship between civil society and conflict. It aims to provide an analytical framework to unpack this complex relationship and assess the impacts which civil society may have on conflict. In a first section, it analyses the implications of context on civil society, namely the implications that statehood, democracy, nationalism, development and international presence have on the nature of civil society. In the second section it examines more specifically the role of civil society in ethno-political conflicts, or as we rename it ‘conflict society’. The final section turns to the identification of different factors determining the impact of civil society on conflicts, including political identities, frameworks of action and political opportunity structures in which civil society actors operate. Accordingly, the different combinations of these determinants lead to the formation of civil society actors and ensuing actions that can either fuel conflict, sustain the status quo, or build peace.

Profiling Normative Foreign Policy: The European Union and its Global Partners

This paper is the first in a series that will investigate “Who is a normative foreign policy actor?” It forms part of a new project intended to explore fundamental aspects of foreign policy at the global level, against the backdrop of a proliferation of global actors in the 21st century, following half a century with only one undisputed global hegemon: the US. The European Union is itself a new or emerging foreign policy actor, driven by self-declared normative principles. But Russia, China and India are also increasingly assertive actors on the global stage and similarly claim to be driven by a normative agenda. The question is how will these various global actors define their foreign policy priorities, and how they will interact, especially if their ideas of normative behaviour differ? This first paper sets out a conceptual framework for exploring these issues and defines ‘normative’ as being strongly based on international law and institutions, and thus the most ‘universalisable’ basis upon which to assess foreign policy. The foreign policy actor nevertheless has to be assessed not only on its declared goals, but also on the means it employs and the results it obtains. The truly normative foreign policy actor should score consistently on all three counts and in many different contexts, which will condition the extent to which normative policies are chosen, viable and effective. Subsequent papers in the series will apply this conceptual framework to five case studies on China, the EU, India, Russia and the US.

The European Union as a Normative Foreign Policy Actor

This is the second in a series of papers from a new project entitled “Who is a normative foreign policy actor? The European Union and its Global Partners”. The first paper – entitled Profiling Normative Foreign Policy: The European Union and its Global Partners, by Nathalie Tocci, CEPS Working Document No. 279, December 2007 – set out the conceptual framework for exploring this question. The present paper constitutes one of several case studies applying this framework to the behaviour of the European Union, whereas the others to follow concern China, India, Russia and the United States. A normative foreign policy is rigorously defined as one that is normative according to the goals set, the means employed and the results obtained. Each of these studies explores eight actual case examples of foreign policy behaviour, selected in order to illustrate four alternative paradigms of foreign policy behaviour – the normative, the realpolitik, the imperialistic and the status quo. For each of these four paradigms, there are two examples of EU foreign policy, one demonstrating intended consequences and the other, unintended effects. The fact that examples can be found that fit all of these different types shows the importance of ‘conditioning factors’, which relate to the internal interests and capabilities of the EU as a foreign policy actor as well as the external context in which other major actors may be at work.

Firm in Rhetoric, Compromising in Reality: The EU in the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict

EU declarations have consistently supported a norm-based solution in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, based on the rights of self-determination of the two peoples alongside a commitment to the respect for human rights and international law. These normative goals have been pursued through diplomatic and economic instruments, and most critically through the EUs contractual ties with Israel and the Palestinian Authority. An analysis of the EUs actions highlights the gap between the Unions stated goals and its conduct in practice. This article argues that the nature of this gap stems from the manner in which the Union, collectively, has chosen to deploy the instruments at its disposal, at the service of other, unstated, goals and interests. The article then turns to possible ways ahead to achieve greater credibility in the EUs role as a promoter of peace in the region. Focusing on the respect for human rights and international law rather than on the constitutional end-point in the Middle East conflict could help the Union achieve greater coherence between its rhetorical aims and interests and conduct in practice.

What Is a Strategy

This chapter distils the “what”: what were the main messages of the 2003 ESS and how do these relate to the key points of the 2016 EUGS ? It dissects the EUGS analysing not simply the content, its meaning and implications for the EU, but perhaps more importantly the debates underpinning each choice made in the Strategy itself, be these between the Member States, between and within EU institutions, or amongst the European foreign policy community as a whole.

The making of the EU Global Strategy

ABSTRACT This article traces the evolution of the EU strategic reflection which culminated in the publication of the EU Global Strategy (EUGS) in June 2016. It explains the choices made by EU High Representative Federica Mogherini over this time period—including both the initial strategic assessment and the final EUGS. It provides a behind the scenes view on the players, the organization and the methods of work used to produce a strategic vision for the EU’s role in the world.

Turkey's European Future: Behind the Scenes of America's Influence on EU-Turkey Relations

A rapidly-changing nation and a key player in the Middle East, Turkey has long been centrally important to both the United States and the European Union. A major partner both of the EU and Turkey, the US has also been the most ardent and committed supporter of closer ties between them. Yet while Turkeys relations with the US and the EU have been intimately linked, they have not proceeded along two parallel planes. Nathalie Tocci tells the story of this dynamic triangular relationship, exploring how and why the US has shaped the course of relations among its allies. An empirical study with strong policy relevance, this volume draws on in-depth interviews and official documents to provide a succinct overview of the issues and stakeholders. Tocci argues that the Turkish situation can be viewed as a quintessential case study, tackling broader questions about US foreign policy in the region as a whole.

Interview with Nathalie Tocci on the Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy

Abstract The Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy, “Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe”, presented at the European Council on 24 June 2016 by Federica Mogherini, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice President of the Commission, was drafted by Nathalie Tocci, Deputy Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) and co-editor of The International Spectator. Given the importance of the document, we asked Nathalie for an interview and 18 foreign policy experts from around the world to comment on it.