Nazih K. Shammas

Physicochemical treatment processes

This article discussed work done and accomplishments made in various methods and processes for physicochemical wastewater treatment. Processes discussed include general, precipitation, coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation/flotation, filtration, adsorption, ion exchange, membrane processes, mass transfer processes, phtotlytic processes, and oxidation/reduction processes.

Advanced physicochemical treatment technologies

Pressurized Ozonation Lawrence K. Wang and Nazih K. Shammas Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment Processes Guohua Chen and Yung-Tse Hung Irradiation Lawrence K. Wang, J. Paul Chen, and Robert C. Ziegler Nonthermal Plasma for Environmental Technology Toshiaki Yamamoto and Masaaki Okubo Thermal Distillation and Electrodialysis Technologies for Desalination J. Paul Chen, Lawrence K. Wang, and Lei Yang Reverse Osmosis Technology for Desalination Edward S. K. Chian, J. Paul Chen, Ping-Xin Sheng, Yen-Peng Ting, and Lawrence K. Wang Emerging Biosorption, Adsorption, Ion Exchange and Membrane Technologies J. Paul Chen, Lawrence K. Wang, Lei Yang, and Soh-Fong Lim Fine Pore Aeration of Water and Wastewater Nazih K. Shammas Emerging Flotation Technologies Lawrence K. Wang Endocrine Disruptors: Properties, Effects and Removal Processes Nazih K. Shammas Filtration Systems for Small Communities Yung-Tse Hung, Ruth Yu-Li Yeh, and Lawrence K. Wang Chemical Feeding System Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul, Yung-Tse Hung, and Jirapat Ananpattarachai Wet Air Oxidation for Waste Treatment Linda Y. Zou, Yuncang Li, and Yung-Tse Hung Lime Calcination Gupta Sudhir Kumar, Anushuya Ramakrishnan, and Yung-Tse Hung

Land Application of Biosolids

Abstract Biosolids are essentially organic materials produced during wastewater treatment which may be put to beneficial use. A popular example of such use is the addition of biosolids to soil to supply nutrients and replenish soil organic matter. Biosolids can be applied on agricultural land, forests, rangelands, or on disturbed land in need of reclamation. Recycling biosolids through land application serves several purposes. It improves soil properties, such as texture and water holding capacity, which make conditions more favorable for root growth and increases the drought tolerance of vegetation. Biosolids application also supplies nutrients essential for plant growth, including nitrogen and phosphorous, as well as some essential micro nutrients such as nickel, zinc, and copper.

Heavy metals in the environment

Metal Research Trends in the Environmental Field, Y.-S. Ho and M.I. El-Khaiary Toxicity and Sources of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and Radionuclides in the Environment, G.M. Naja and B. Volesky Environmental Behavior and Effects of Engineered Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, B. Nowack Heavy Metal Removal with Exopolysaccharide-Producing Cyanobacteria, R. De Philippis and E. Micheletti Environmental Geochemistry of High-Arsenic Aquifer Systems, Y. Wang and Y. Deng Nanotechnology Application in Metal Ion Adsorption, X. Wang and C. Chen Biosorption of Metals onto Granular Sludge, S.G. Wang, X.F. Sun, W.X. Gong, and Y. Ma Arsenic Pollution: Occurrence, Distribution, and Technologies, H. Liu, R. Liu, J. Qu, and Z. Gaosheng Treatment of Metal-Bearing Effl uents: Removal and Recovery, G.M. Naja and B. Volesky Management and Treatment of Acid Pickling Wastes Containing Heavy Metals, L.K. Wang, V. Eroglu, and F. Erturk Treatment and Management of Metal Finishing Industry Wastes, N.K. Shammas and L.K. Wang Recycling and Disposal of Hazardous Solid Wastes Containing Heavy Metals and Other Toxic Substances, L.K. Wang Management and Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil, N.K. Shammas Remediation of Metal Finishing Brownfield Sites, N.K. Shammas Control, Management, and Treatment of Metal Emissons from Motor Vehicles, R. Balasubramanian, J. He, and L.K. Wang Index

Waste Stabilization Ponds and Lagoons

One of the simplest forms of biological treatment processes is the stabilization pond or stabilization lagoon. It is also the most common industrial wastewater treatment facility. This versatile installation serves many basic purposes, including: (a) storage or impoundment of wastewater; (b) settling and removal of suspended solids; (c) storage or impoundment of settled solids; (d) equalization; (e) aeration; (f) biological treatment; and (g) evaporation. The relative simplicity and low operating costs of a stabilization pond make it the preferred technology for handling, treatment and disposal of industrial wastewater as well as municipal wastewater for small communities. Besides the description of ponds complex ecological system and the complicated reactions that take place, the chapter covers the system variables, design criteria, process control, capital and operating costs, applications and examples of process design.

Activated Sludge Processes

Activated sludge consists of suspended biological flocs that are matrices of microorganisms, nonliving organic matter and inorganic materials. The activated sludge or biological flocs mix with the waste stream, oxidize the organic substances in the wastewater in the presence of oxygen for bio-oxidation and nitrification reactions, or in the absence of oxygen for denitrification reaction. This chapter introduces the suspended growth systems, bio-oxidation, microorganisms, substrate removal, enzymatic actions, energy flow, microbial synthesis, respiration, kinetics, sludge growth, complete-mix bioreactor, plug-flow bioreactor, contact stabilization, extended aeration, conventional activated sludge, step aeration, Kraus process, tapered aeration, modified aeration, high-rate aeration, oxidation ditch, pure oxygen activated sludge, flotation activated sludge, and process design.

Remediation of Heavy Metals in the Environment

The feasibility of recycling filter backwash water and alum sludge generated from water purification plants has been investigated. Actual wastewater and alum sludge used in this study were collected from a water plant employing water treatment processes including chemical addition, mixing, flocculation, clarification, filtration, and chlorination. Wastewater and sludge are generated mainly from the clarifier and the filter backwash. The waste recycle system presented here consists of (a) recycling the filter backwash water to the intake system for the reproduction of potable water, (b) dividing the combined sludge into two fractions for alum solubilization, separately, in an acid reactor and an alkaline reactor, (c) removing the inert silts from alum solutions by two separate water–solids separators for ultimate disposal, and (d) returning the solubilized alums from the two separate water–solids separators in proper proportions for reuse as flocculants. CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 49 3.

Engineering and Management of Agricultural Land Application

The controlled application of sewage sludge biosolids to cropland by subsurface injection or surface spreading is introduced in this chapter. Specifically, the land application process operation, design criteria, performance, application rates, staffing requirements, process monitoring, sensory observation, normal operating procedures, process control considerations, emergency operating procedures, safety considerations, 19 application and design examples, costs, and trouble shooting guide are presented and discussed in detail.

Belt Filter Presses

Belt filter presses are used to remove water from liquid wastewater residuals and produce a nonliquid material referred to as “cake.” Dewatered residuals, or cake, vary in consistency from that of custard to moist soil. Dewatering serves the following purposes (1): a. Reducing the volume, thus reducing storage and transportation costs. b. Eliminating free liquids before landfill disposal. c. Reducing fuel requirements if residuals are to be incinerated or dried. d. Producing a material which will have sufficient void space and volatile solids for composting when blended with a bulking agent. e. Avoiding the potential of biosolids pooling and runoff associated with liquid land application. f. Optimizing subsequent processes such as thermal drying.

Rotating Biological Contactors

Rotating biological contactor (RBC) is an attached-growth biological process, which consists of a series of rotating plastic media all coated with a layer of biofilm. The biofilm or slime on the media aerobically react with substances in a waste stream for bio-oxidation and nitrification, or anaerobically react with the substances for denitri-fication. This chapter discusses the theory, performance, design procedures, process control, applications, limitations, environmental impact, and design considerations of RBC process.