Nazım Çoğaltay

Conceptual PerspectivesPerspectives on LeadershipLeadership

From a historical development perspective, numerous approaches and theories based on these approaches have been developed to explain the nature of leadership . We can state that each approach or theory has brought about a different perspective in terms of the conceptualization of leadership . The trait approach, behavioral approach, situational approach and contemporary approach complement one another chronologically and are all valid in certain ways. The main reason for the intensive research on the concept of leadership and the various approaches and theories is that the results are either directly or indirectly observed in organizations. A leader and his/her behaviors affect the performance of employees, job satisfaction , perceptions of justice , sense of trust toward one another and toward the organization, and—more essentially and generally—the culture and atmosphere that determine the entire dynamic of an organization. In this chapter, the concept of the leadership is explained by associating to organizational outputs. The leadership and organizational outputs are tried to be analyzed theoretically in the axis of some research findings.

Introduction to Meta-Analysis

As a means to synthesize the results of multiple studies, the chronological development of the meta-analysis method was in parallel to a variety of definitions in the literature. Meta-analysis can be defined in different ways: as a means of summarizing and combining the quantitative results of research or as a method used to reach the quantitative effect size based on individual studies. Meta-analysis uses many quantitative approaches and calculation formulas when compiling multiple research findings. In this sense, no researcher needs to be an expert in all types and calculation formulas for all types of meta-analysis. However, if the researcher lacks familiarity with at least some of the main concepts of meta-analysis, then the correct results may not be obtained. This chapter aims to explain some of the main concepts of meta-analysis.

The Effect of Locus of Control on Student Achievement

The effect of locus of control on student achievement was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 78 studies were collected during the literature review, out of which 20 were included in the meta-analysis. The 20 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 18,918 subjects. The results of the random effect model showed that locus of control has a small-level positive effect on student achievement. The moderators identified for the study were type of publication, culture, school level, the data collection tool used and the year of the studies, of which sample group and type of publication were found to be moderator variables.

The Effect of Collective Teacher Efficacy on Student Achievement

The effect of collective teacher efficacy on student achievement was examined in this meta-analysis study. A total of 48 studies were collected during the literature review, out of which 35 were included in the meta-analysis. The 35 research studies were compiled to obtain a sample size of 2087 schools. The results of the random effect model showed that collective teacher efficacy has a large-level positive effect on student achievement. In the study, none of the examined set of variables, which included the type of publication, the school level, the tool of data collection and the year of the studies, was found to be a moderator.

The Effect of Educational Leadership on Students’ Achievement

In this meta-analysis study, different leadership styles were combined, and the relationship between educational leadership and student achievement was analyzed. In the literature review, 57 research articles/dissertations, independent from one another, were brought together, and 28,964 study subjects were included in the sample group. The results of the analyses performed with a random effects model revealed that educational leadership has a medium effect on students’ achievement. As was expected, the most comprehensive effect among leadership styles was found in distributive and transformational leadership. Considering the effect of educational leadership on students’ achievement, it is recommended to examine the effect of leadership on other components of school and shareholders in future studies.

School Culture and Academic Achievement of Students: A Meta-analysis Study

Abstract The relationship between school culture and academic achievement was tested through meta- analysis in this paper. 54 studies of which only 25 can be included to the meta- analysis were examined in literature review. Through this paper, sample group of 20287 people was formed by gathering 25 independent studies. Based on the findings of analysis which were made by using random effects model, there were no publication bias in the obtained data and it was confirmed that school culture had a statistically significant effect on students’ academic achievement.