Nazim Uddin Ahmed

Whole Leea macrophylla ethanolic extract normalizes kidney deposits and recovers renal impairments in an ethylene glycol–induced urolithiasis model of rats

OBJECTIVE To investigate the antilithiatic effect of the whole Leea macrophylla (L. macrophylla) Roxb (Leeaceae) ethanol extract in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model of rats. METHODS Forty two seven weeks old male wistar albino rats were randomly divided into two major groups namely: preventive (n=18) and therapeutic (n=24). Preventive group was further subdivided into 3 groups of 6 rats namely: preventive control (PC), preventive lithiatic control (PLC) and preventive lithiatic L. macrophylla (PLLM). Similarly, therapeutic group was also subdivided into 4 groups of 6 rats namely: therapeutic control (TC), therapeutic lithiatic control (TLC), therapeutic lithitatic L. macrophylla (TLLM) and therapeutic lithiatic cystone (TLCYS). The lithiasis was induced by 0.75% (v/v) ethylene glycol in the drinking water of all groups except the PC and TC groups. The urinary ionic parameters such as calcium, inorganic phosphate, oxalate, magnesium & creatinine and renal morphology were altered by ethylene glycol, which were partially recovered by 14 d preventive and almost fully recovered by 28 d therapeutic intervention trials with L. macrophylla extract (500 mg/kg BW daily). RESULTS Significant difference on recovery was observed between preventive and therapeutic interventional trials. Anti-urolithiatic effect of cystone was significantly (P<0.001) higher than extracts. L. macrophylla extract was found nontoxic in the acute toxicity test. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrated very promising anti-urolithiatic effect of L. macrophylla extract with preventive and therapeutic treatments in this experimental condition.

Comparative Studies on Antidiabetic effect with phytochemical screening of Azadirachta indicia and Andrographis paniculata

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic properties with phytochemical screening of the ethanol leaves extracts of two common indigenous medicinal plants of Bangladesh -Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Andrographis peniculata (Kalomegh) on experimental animal model. Hypoglycemic activity of the concentrated ethanolic (90%) extract of Azadirachta indica and Andrographis peniculata were studied compared with that of a reference antidiabetic drug glimeperide in both glucose loaded and alloxan induced diabetic rats. The acute toxicity of these two plants extract was also studied. Experimental results showed that ethanol leaves extract (1 gm/kg) of Azadirachta indica and Andrographis peniculata significantly (P<0.01) reduced the elevated blood glucose level by 36.91 % and 40.65 % respectively in glucose loaded rats and 30.20 % and 32.18 % respectively in alloxan induced diabetic rats compared to the respective diabetic control group. This study strongly suggested that ethanol leaves extracts of Azadirachta indica and Andrographis peniculata possess significant antidiabetic activity and could be a potential source for treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of whole Ageratum conyzoides and Emilia sonchifolia alcoholic extracts in animal models

This study was designed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Ageratum conyzoides and Emilia sonchifolia alcoholic extracts in animal models. Analgesic effects have been investigated in acetic acid induced writhing model and formalin induced licking model of Swiss albino mice. Anti-inflammatory effect was investigated in carrageenan induced anti-inflammatory paw edema model of Wistar albino rat. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukeys post hoc test for multiple comparisons. In a dose-dependent response, A. conyzoides and E. sonchifolia extracts inhibited 49.85 and 39.47% of acetic acid induced pain at the highest dose 2.0 g/kg body weight (BW). These effects were statistically significant (P < 0.05) as compared to the reference drug, diclofenac sodium (40 mg/kg). A. conyzoides reduced 35.48% and E. sonchifolia reduced 38.70% of formalin induced pain by 2.0 g/kg which were also statistically significant (P < 0.05) as compared to morphine (0.5 mg/kg). In a time-dependent inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema model, the extracts of A. conyzoides and E. sonchifolia promoted 50.23 and 48.11% inhibition of paw edema at the 4th hour of administration, respectively and the effects were statistically significant (P < 0.05). No mortality was observed in acute toxicity test. Observed results demonstrate an effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials of the extracts to be used as complementary and alternative therapy.

Antioxidative Potential of the Polyphenolics of Stephania japonica var. Discolor (Blume) Forman: A Chromatographic (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) and Spectrophotometric Measure

This study investigated the quantitative phytochemical contents, total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, antioxidative capacity, tannin, proanthocyanidins, lycopene, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b of the Stephania japonica extract. Comprehensive antioxidative effects of the extract were also investigated. Quantitative assays were conducted through both spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. Antioxidative effects were measured through FeCl3 reducing power, metal chelating power, reducing power, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) scavenging activity, N, N-dimethyl-1,4-diaminobenzene free radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, and nitric oxide scavenging effect. The contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, total antioxidative capacity, tannin, proanthocyanidins, lycopene, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b were found to be 47.32 ± 0.75 mg tannic acid equivalent, 61.41 ± 1.58 mg catechin equivalent, 63.29 ± 2.21 mg, 22.85 ± 0.70 mg ascorbic acid equivalent, 76.17 ± 0.97 mg tannic acid equivalent, 94.96 ± 4.49 mg catechin equivalent, 22.19 ± 0.79 µg, 22.19 ± 0.79 µg, 7.52 ± 1.24 mg, and 10.43 ± 2.11 mg, respectively, in 1 g of ethanol extract. A high concentration of epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, and rutin hydrate and moderate concentration of caffeic acid and quercetin was detected in the extract. The IC50 value for ferric reducing power assay, metal chelating assay, reducing power assay, ABTS scavenging assay, N, N-dimethyl-1,4-diaminobenzene scavenging assay, superoxide scavenging assay and nitric oxide (NO) assay were 465.06 ± 7.32 µmol ascorbic acid/g, 1656.52, 270.55, 457.27, 632.74, 217.5, and 464.00 µg/mL, respectively. No beta carotene was detected in the extract. The extract was demonstrated to be a very potential source of antioxidative metabolites.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Crinum asiaticum leaf alcoholic extract in animal models

This study investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Crinum asiaticum (Amaryllidaceae) leaf ethanolic extract. Analgesic effect was investigated in acetic acid induced writhing model and formalin induced licking model in swiss albino mice. Anti-inflammatory effect was conducted in carrageenan-induced paw edema model of albino rat. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc multiple comparison test. In analgesic study, C. asiaticum extract inhibited 42.34±3.20% of acetic acid induced pain at higher dose of 2.0 g/kg body weight. The effect was statistically significant (p<0.001) compared to the positive control, diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg). The extract reduced the formalin induced pain 22.60±1.39% in early phase and 27.11±0.87% in late phase at the same dose of 2.0 g/kg and the reductions were significant (p<0.01) compared to the positive control morphine (0.5 mg/kg). In a time-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema model, the extract promoted the inhibitions of paw edema 51.60±2.50% at the 1st h and 40.80±0.52% at the 4th h of administration. These inhibitions were also significant (p<0.01) in comparison to those promoted by diclofenac sodium. No mortality was observed in acute toxicity test. The study concludes that C. asiaticum leaf extract has potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects to be recorded as plant-derived complementary medicine. Keywords : Crinum asiaticum , anti-inflammatory, analgesic, Carrageenan, formalin African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(2)

Essential Oil of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. Rhizome: Heals Inflammation and Nociception in Animal models

Abstract Essential oil of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. rhizome was studied for anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects in animal models. Anti-inflammatory effect was investigated in carrageenan-induced paw edema model in Albino rat with the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW. Anti-nociceptive effect was measured in acetic acid-induced pain, formalin-induced pain and thermal pain (hot plate test) models in Albino mice with the doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg BW. Significant (p<0.05) inhibition (63.82 ± 1.27%) of paw edema compared to diclofenac sodium was achieved by 200 mg/kg of essential oil. Nociception in acetic acid-induced writhing model and pain in formalin-induced model were also reduced by essential oil (400 mg/kg) significantly compared to reference drugs diclofenac sodium and morphine, respectively. Essential oil (400 mg/kg) reduced the thermal pain in early and late phases of hot plate model significantly compared to morphine. Maximum possible effect (%MPE) for essential oil was achieved by 600 mg/kg at the 60th min of treatment in hot plate model. Results evidenced that essential oil from Alpinia calcarata could be processed to use as an alternative source of inflammatory and nociceptive treatment.