Neha Agrawal

Prevalence of Three-rooted Mandibular Permanent First Molars among the Indian Population

INTRODUCTION The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of three-rooted mandibular permanent first molars among the Indian population by using periapical radiographs. METHODS Five hundred eighty-six patients (320 females and 266 males) were selected, with at least 1 mandibular first molar. A total of 1054 periapical radiographs of mandibular first molars, comprising 526 right side and 528 left side, were included. The radiographs were taken at 30-degree mesial angulation and were evaluated by using the magnifying lens. The incidence, gender, and symmetry of three-rooted mandibular first molars were recorded and analyzed by using the chi(2) test. RESULTS The prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars was 5.97% for all patients and 4.55% for all teeth, respectively. The incidence of bilateral symmetrical distribution was 37.14%. The incidence was 6.88% for female patients and 4.89% for male patients (chi(2) = 1.02, P > .05) and 4.94% for the right side and 4.17% for the left side, respectively (chi(2) = 0.36, P > .05). No statistically significant differences were found between female and male patients and between the right-side and left-side occurrences. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be aware of the high racial prevalence of this unusual root morphology in mandibular first molars among the Indian population before and during the root canal treatment of three-rooted mandibular first molars.

Antibiotic prescription pattern among Indian oral healthcare providers: a cross-sectional survey

OBJECTIVES Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics by healthcare professionals is a worldwide concern. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of antibiotic prescription among oral healthcare providers in India. METHODS A one-page questionnaire was sent to 1600 oral healthcare practitioners registered under the Indian Dental Association by using multistage sampling; 552 (34.5%) responded to the survey. The data were analysed using the χ(2) test and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of 552 questionnaire respondents, 405 (73.4%) chose amoxicillin in non-allergic patients, alone [279 (50.5%)] or associated with clavulanic acid [126 (22.8%)]. The average duration of antibiotic therapy was 4.26 ± 1.26 days. The drug of first choice for patients with an allergy to penicillin was erythromycin [242 (43.8%) of respondents]. A majority prescribed antibiotics for irreversible pulpitis and acute apical periodontitis [395 (71.6%)] and necrotic pulp, acute apical periodontitis and no swelling [326 (59.1%)]. Five hundred and ten (92.4%) of the oral healthcare providers overprescribed antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Oral healthcare providers in India are overprescribing, which could be a major contributor to the world problem of antimicrobial resistance. As there is overprescription of antibiotics by Indian oral healthcare providers, there is an urgent need to raise public and professional awareness regarding the risks of antibiotic use.

A new design of low power high speed hybrid CMOS full adder

We have designed the full Adder using hybrid-CMOS logic style by dividing it in three modules so that it can be optimized at various levels. First module is an XOR-XNOR circuit, which generates full swing XOR and XNOR outputs simultaneously and have a good driving capability. It also consumes minimum power and provides better delay performance. Second module is a sum circuit which is also a XOR circuit and uses carry input and the output of the first module as input to generate sum output. Third module is a carry circuit which uses the output of the first stage and other inputs to generate carry output. In the new full adder design we have proposed new full adder circuit which reduce the power consumption, delay between carry out to carry in and PDP by 12 to 100%. Simulations are carried out on HSPICE using TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology.

Prevalence of Three-Rooted Mandibular First Molars among Indians Using SCT

Undetected extra roots or root canals are a major reason for failure of endodontic treatment. Failure to recognize an extra distolingual (DL) root in mandibular first molar may lead to incomplete debridement of the root canal system and eventually treatment failure. Therefore, it is crucial that atypical anatomy is identified before and during dental treatment. Spiral computed tomography (SCT) images can show 3D images, and therefore much detail can be used when traditional methods prevent adequate endodontic treatment. The overall incidence of DL roots on the mandibular first molars was 6.40% for all patients and 5.00% for all teeth, respectively. The occurrence of DL roots on the right side and on the left side showed a statistically significant difference. The bilateral incidence of symmetrical distribution of DL roots was 56.25%. The DL root canal orifice was separated from DB canal orifice by 2.79 ± 0.34 mm, from the MB canal orifice by 4.23 ± 0.81 mm, and from the ML canal orifice by 3.29 ± 0.52 mm. The high prevalence of the DL root in permanent mandibular first molars among the Indian population by using SCT and estimations of the interorifice distance of such teeth might be useful for successful endodontic treatments.

Child-Oral impacts on daily performances: A socio dental approach to assess prevalence and severity of oral impacts on daily performances in South Indian school children of Bangalore city: A cross-sectional survey

Background: Oral disorders can have a negative impact on the functional, social and psychological well-being of children and their families. Oral health and dental treatment may have an impact on eating, speaking and appearance, thereby affecting quality of life. Thus, there has been a greater focus on the measurement of quality of life as a complement to the clinical measures. Objective: The aim was to assess the prevalence, characteristics and severity of oral impacts in south Indian school children using Child-Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (Child-OIDP) index as a measure of oral health related quality of life. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was undertaken among the six government, and six private school children aged 11-12 years, of Karnataka, South India randomly selected as cluster, and all their 563 children were invited to participate. A cross culturally adapted and validated oral health-related quality of life measure; Child-OIDP was used to assess oral impacts. Results: The common perceived oral health problems were tooth ache reported by 342 children, a sensitive tooth reported by 230 children, tooth decay - hole in the tooth reported by 226 children. Eating was the most common performance affected (68.3%). The severity of impacts was high for eating and cleaning mouth and low for the study and social contact performances. Conclusion: The study reveals that oral health impacts on quality of life of school children of Karnataka aged 11-12 years. Oral impacts were prevalent, but not severe. The impacts mainly related to difficulty eating. Toothache, a sensitive tooth, tooth decay and bleeding gums contributed largely to the incidence of oral impacts.

Radix Entomolaris: A Clinical Challenge

ABSTRACT A major anatomical variant of the two-rooted mandibular first molar is a tooth with an additional distolingual third root: The radix entomolaris (RE). It is essential to anticipate and find all roots and canals during root canal treatment. Proper angulations and interpretation of radiographs help to identify pulp chamber and root anatomy. If present, an awareness and understanding of this unusual root and its root canal morphology can contribute to the successful outcome of root canal treatment.

Esthetic recovery of permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisor using biological post after non-surgical healing of Periradicular Lesion: A Case Report

Statement of the problem: Anterior tooth fracture, as a result of traumatic injuries, frequently occurs in dentistry. This leads to necrosis of pulp and periapical pathology. The goal of endodontic and restorative dentistry is to retain natural teeth with maximum function and pleasing esthetics. Purpose of the study: This study aimed at proper reconstruction of extensively damaged teeth through the procedure known as “Biological Restoration.” Materials and methods: Biological post obtained through natural, extracted teeth from another individual represents a low-cost option and alternative technique for the morphofunctional recovery of damaged anterior teeth that provides highly functional and esthetic outcomes. Conclusions: This case report refers to the esthetics and functional recovery of mandibular left lateral incisor after non-surgical healing of periradicular lesion. Case Report Esthetic recovery of permanent Mandibular Lateral Incisor using biological post after non-surgical healing of Periradicular Lesion: A Case Report Amit Kumar Garg1, Neha Agrawal2*, Rajendra Kumar Tewari3 and Surendra Kumar Mishra4 1Associate Professor, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura, India 2Associate Professor, Dept. of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, Dr. Z. A. Dental College, A.M.U., Aligarh, UP, India 3Professor and Principal, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr Z. A. Dental College, AMU., Aligarh,, UP, Indore, India 4Professor and Chairman, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. Z. A. Dental College, A.M.U., Aligarh, UP, India *Address for Correspondence: Dr. Neha Agrawal, MDS, Associate Professor, Dept of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, Dr. Z. A. Dental College, A.M.U., Aligarh, UP, India, Tel: 917895335770; Email: dr.n_agrawal@yahoo.co.in Submitted: 25 May 2017 Approved: 20 June 2017 Published: 22 June 2017 Copyright: 2017 Garg AK, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Image restoration using self-embedding and inpainting techniques

As digital images are widely used today, many software exist that could easily modify the digital images without any trace. These types of modification can cause social and economic damages to involved people. A number of inpainting techniques capable of recovering the tampered content have been developed. These techniques can restore the image content but cannot determine whether it is close to original or not. This paper proposes a self-embedding and inpainting based image restoration technique in which the region of interest (ROI) of a cover image is embedded into itself as digital watermark. Least significant bit (LSB) replacement technique is used for digital watermarking. The tampered regions are first identified and their original contents are roughly restored using hidden embedded information, after which inpainting techniques are applied for complete restoration process.

Use of PowerPoint presentation as a teaching tool for undergraduate students in the subject of gerodontology

Aim: Though different teaching learning media have been employed in the instruction of geriatric dentistry, their efficacy has not been adequately evaluated. This study was conducted with the aim to determine the efficacy of a PowerPoint presentation in teaching gerodontology. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective follow-up study using a pre- and post-intervention assessment. A pilot study was conducted on the final year students to check the feasibility of the study. A convenience sampling procedure was used. All interns (n = 80) of the Modern Dental College and Research Centre, Indore, India were invited to participate. Interns completed a 24-item questionnaire documenting their current knowledge on gerodontology. One week after a 30 min PowerPoint presentation on gerodontology, the same interns completed the same questionnaire again, providing an indication of the efficacy of the learning tool. Paired t-test and McNemar test were employed for statistical analysis. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in pre- and post-intervention scores (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that PowerPoint presentation can be used as an effective tool for improving the knowledge regarding gerodontology.

Effect of smoking on potential salivary markers of periodontal disease: A clinical and biochemical study

Introduction: Tobacco smoking exerts a harmful effect on the periodontal tissues manifested by periodontal pockets, attachment loss, and periodontal bone loss. Various factors contribute to the deleterious periodontal effects of smoking, including alteration of both microbial and host response factors. Moreover, smoking may exert effects throughout the cytokine network. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of smoking on periodontal biomarkers possibly related to the development of periodontitis including inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines in saliva. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty subjects aged 30–55 years were included in the study and divided into three groups: systemically and periodontally healthy individuals (Group 1), subjects with pocket probing depth (PPD) ≥5 mm and clinical attachment loss (CAL) of ≥2 mm (Group 2), and a subjects smoking (≥10 cigarettes a day) with periodontal parameters of Group 2 (Group 3). Periodontal parameters of PPD, CAL, gingival index (GI), and plaque index were measured using standard indices and criteria. Three milliliters of unstimulated saliva was taken, and salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) were determined using ELISA technique. Results: The mean GI was lowest for Group 3, but the mean probing depth of Group 3 (4.93 ± 0.41) was highest. The mean TNF-α level of Group 3 was significantly different and higher as compared to Group 1 and Group 2 (24.32 ± 8.32 ng/ml vs. 6.43 ± 2.65 ng/ml, q = 16.14; P< 0.001). Similarly, the mean MMP-8 level of Group 3 (461.71 ± 58.01 ng/ml) was significantly different (P < 0.001) and higher as compared to Group 1 (192.96 ± 134.89 ng/ml) and Group 2 (347.83 ± 206.72 ng/ml). Both markers showed positive and significant correlation with their periodontal status. Conclusion: Our study clearly indicates a profound effect of smoking on salivary markers of periodontal disease (TNF-α and MMP-8) in chronic periodontitis subjects in comparison to healthy controls.