Nelson Diehl Kruse

Bioensaios para identificação de biótipos de Euphorbia heterophylla com resistência múltipla a inibidores da ALS e da PROTOX

Four bioassays were developed under greenhouse and laboratory conditions to identify Euphorbia heterophylla (EPHHL) biotypes with multiple resistance to PROTOX and ALS-inhibiting herbicides. In the greenhouse bioassays, plants of a susceptible (S) biotype and of two biotypes suspected of multiple resistance (#4 and #23) were sprayed using different levels of the herbicides imazethapyr and fomesafen. The laboratory bioassays consisted of a comparative test between biotypes S and #4, exposed to germination in imazethapyr and fomesafen solutions. Dose-response relationships were adjusted using logistic and polynomial models, respectively, for data obtained from greenhouse and laboratory bioassays. For biotype #4, the resistance factor (RF) to imazethapyr was above 24, while for biotype #23 it was 15. FR to fomesafen were, respectively, 62 and 39, for the same biotypes. In the laboratory bioassay, a period of 144 hours was sufficient to discriminate differencial growth response to imazethapyr and fomesafen levels between R and S biotypes. The results confirm that both greenhouse and laboratory tests with Petri dishes are appropriate methodologies to discriminate S and multiple R EPHHL biotypes.

Sinergismo potencial entre herbicidas inibidores do fotossistema II e da síntese de carotenóides

Herbicides that inhibit the electron transport on the photosystem II (PSII) generate oxidative stress. This stress normally is attenuated by carotenoids, which dissipate the electron energy as heat. Hence, we hypothesize that mixtures between PSII inhibitors and carotenoid inhibitors can result in synergism. The objective of this work was to verify the existence of synergism in mixtures of herbicides from both mechanisms of action. Two experiments were conducted in 1998-99 growing season, one with corn, in the USA, and another with soybean in Brazil. At the corn trial, the treatments consisted of isoxaflutole at 52.5g ha-1, atrazine at 840g ha-1, the mixture of both herbicides, and a weedy control. At the soybean trial, the treatments consisted of metribuzin at 280g ha-1, clomazone at 560g ha-1, the mixture of both herbicides, with additional isolated treatments of metribuzin at 560g ha-1, clomazone at 1,120g ha-1, a weed-free and a weedy control. At the corn crop, assessment included the densities of Abutilon theophrasti (ABUTH), Ipomoea hederacea (IPOHE) and Amaranthus retroflexus (AMARE) at 52 days after the treatments (DAT); and the corn grain yield. At the soybean crop, assessment included Bidens pilosa (BIDPI) density, at 30 and 55 DAT; BIDPI cover, control, dry matter and leaf area, at 55 DAT; and soybean grain yield. Apparent herbicide antagonism occurred at the ABUTH, AMARE and IPOHE control, however, herbicide synergism was observed in the corn grain yield. BIDPI results demonstrated synergism for weed cover and control. Despite the complexity to demonstrate herbicide synergism in the field, the results indicate, at least to one species, the occurrence of synergism in the mixture between PSII inhibitors and carotenoid inhibitors.

Curvas de resposta e isobolograma como forma de descrever a associação de herbicidas inibidores do fotossistema II e da síntese de carotenóides

The Dose-Response Curve and Isobolograms methodology, based on the I50 generated by curves has been largely recommended to demonstrate synergism. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with sunflower cultivated in nutrient solution (Hoagland), applying in solution 27 treatments, with the herbicides metribuzin, at the rates of 0, 70, 140, 280, 560 and 1,130 nM and clomazone, at the rates of 0, 40, 80, 160, 320 and 640 mM. The herbicide doses were combined so as to produce the I50 of six resulting curves from the matches. Injury percentage, and fresh and dry weight of sunflower plants were determined five days after application on the collected plants.The six points of I50 from each variable were used to obtain isobolograms, where the I50 of herbicides applied alone, jointed by a straight line, formed the isobole of additivity. Around of it, confidences strips were drawn from the product of confidences intervals of isolated herbicides I50s, where were positioned the I50 resulting from the mixtures. All the I50 mixtures were positioned in the synergism zone, below the isobole of additivity, although with different probabilities. For dry mass variable, the mixture of clomazone rates with 140 nM of metribuzin showed probability around 90% of being a synergistic interaction.

Local de absorção de fomesafen como mecanismo de resistência em biótipo de Euphorbia heterophylla resistente aos inibidores da PROTOX

Three trials were carried out to verify if the site of formesafen, absorption leaves or soil, affects the efficacy of controling this herbicide in wild poinsettia biotypes resistant and susceptible to the product; and to determine which plant structures are more important for fomesafen absorption. In the first two trials, fomesafen dose-response was evaluated on biotypes susceptible and resistant to PROTOX inhibitors, in the pre (first trial) and post emergence (second trial) applications. In a third trial, different deposition sites of fomesafen were evaluated using the double pot system to verify the structures of wild poinsettia plants which were most important to fomesafen absorption. Overall, the results indicated that shoot absorption of fomesafen was more limited on wild poinsettia biotypes with PROTOX resistance than on susceptible ones and that these differences between biotypes were less important when applied in pre-emergence. When applied to soil, fomesafen efficacy increased when the herbicide was placed near wild poinsettia shoots than close to their roots. These results support the hypothesis that leaf differences between resistant and susceptible plants may limit fomesafen absorption on biotypes resistant to PROTOX inhibitors.

Sorptive Behavior of Sorgoleone in Ultisol in Two Solvent Systems and Determination of Its Lipophilicity

Sorgoleone (SGL) exuded by sorghum roots inhibits the development of some weeds. Due to its high hydrophobicity, it is expected that SGL presents low soil mobility and limited allelopathic activity in the field. This work aims to evaluate the sorptivity of sorgoleone in octanol-water and in soil under two solvent systems. The two solvent systems were methanol:water (60:40) (MeOH:H2O) and pure methanol (MeOH). These two solvent systems promote different conditions for SGL solubility. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 6 factorial (solvent systems × equilibrium concentrations in the solution (EC)). For each solvent, the sorption was achieved by shaking 500 mg of soil with 10 ml of 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 40, and 60 mg L−1 of SGL solution, during 24 h. After centrifugation, the supernatant was filtered and the SGL concentration was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data of sorbed amount of SGL were submitted to variance analysis, using a hierarchic factorial model. The data of sorbed amount (x/m) and equilibrium concentration (C) were fitted to the linear (x/m = a + K d C) and to the Freundlich (x/m = K f C 1/n ) models. The isotherm obtained for the MeOH:H2O system presented linear shape, whereas for the MeOH system a two subsequent linear isotherm was fitted. Sorgoleone is a highly hydrophobic compound, presenting a log K ow of 6.1. The sorption of sorgoleone to the soil was very high. The organic environment stimulated the sorgoleone sorption to the soil.

Antagonismo das associações de clodinafop-propargyl com metsulfuron-methyl e 2,4-D no controle de azevém (Lolium multiflorum)

The efficacy of ACCase inhibitors is usually reduced when tank-mixed with broad leaf herbicides. A greenhouse and a field experiments were carried out to determine the existence of antagonistic effects of clodinafop-propargyl associated with metsulfuron methyl or 2,4-D to control Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). In the greenhouse experiment, 21 treatments were tested, composed by clodynafop(0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 g ha-1) alone or tank-mixed with metsulfuron (2 and 4 g ha-1) or 2,4-D (470 g ha-1). In the field experiment, twelve treatments were set up in a factorial 6 x 2, composed by clodinafop (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 g ha-1) alone or tank-mixed with metsulfuron (2 g ha-1). In the greenhouse experiment, the control (visual evaluation), I50 from the mixtures with metsulfuron (2 and 4 g ha-1) or 2,4-D (470 g ha-1) were 33, 84 and 151% higher than clodinafop applied alone. The I50 from the rye live matter from the mixtures cited above were, respectively, 119, 244 and 72% higher than clodinafop applied alone. In the field experiment, rye live matter reduction was observed with increase of the levels of clodinafop applied alone, but rye live matter did not decrease, changing the levels of clodinafop tank-mixed with metsulfuron. The results reveal the antagonistic effect of tank-mixtures of clodinafop and metsulfuron or 2,4-D. We did make some considerations on the advantages of applying herbicides in more than one control operation, in comparison to graminicide and latifolicide mixtures.

Eletrolite leakage as a technique to diagnose euphorbia heterophylla biotypes resistant to ppo-inhibitors herbicides

A acao de herbicidas que afetam a integridade das membranas celulares e causam extravasamento, como os inibidores da Protox, pode ser detectada atraves da medicao da condutividade eletrica (CE) de uma solucao em que tecidos da planta-alvo sao incubados na presenca de herbicida. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram confirmar a resistencia a inibidores da Protox em um novo biotipo de Euphorbia heterophylla (EPHHL) do Brasil, e comparar o extravasamento eletrolitico em biotipos R e S a inibidores da Protox, utilizando dois metodos diferentes de incubacao em solucao contendo herbicidas. Um experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetacao, e tres em laboratorio, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No experimento em casa de vegetacao, quatro biotipos de EPHHL foram pulverizados com sete niveis de fomesafen, para confirmar a resistencia em biotipos suspeitos. No segundo e terceiro experimentos, discos foliares de biotipos de EPHHL R e S e, no quarto experimento, a folha inteira, foram incubados em solucao contendo inibidores da Protox, para depois determinar a CE da solucao. O estudo confirmou a resistencia aos inibidores da Protox em dois novos biotipos de EPHHL suspeitos. Em experimentos com incubacao de discos foliares nao houve diferencas significativas entre os biotipos R e S. Mas, na incubacao de folhas inteiras de EPHHL com fomesafen, o biotipo S apresentou maior CE, em comparacao ao biotipo R. Os resultados deste trabalho sao uma evidencia indireta de que a resistencia aos inibidores da enzima Protox esta relacionada a menor absorcao de herbicidas pela parte aerea e tambem a algum mecanismo para fazer frente ao estresse oxidativo.

Phorate and dietholate act as safeners for rice against clomazone at high doses

Selectivity of Clomazone for rice plants increases when seeds are treated with the safener dietholate. Considering that dietholate acts on the activity of the cytochrome P450 monooxigenase, and that this enzyme also activates the herbicide clomazone, other chemicals capable of acting as safeners should also be sought. Thus, a trial was conducted aiming to evaluate the protective effect of dietholate and phorate against increasing clomazone rates. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized block design, with four replicates in a factorial scheme. Factor A included seeds untreated and treated with dietholate or with phorate. Factor B included eight clomazone rates (0, 156, 312, 625, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 g a.i. ha). Plant injury, plant height reduction percentage, fresh mass and dry mass weight were evaluated 18 days after sowing. Data were submitted to analysis of variance by non-linear regression of the logistic type. Significant differences were observed between the control without safener and the treatments with dietholate or phorate. The dose-response curves showed that when rice seeds were treated with either dietholate or phorate, the rice plants were able to tolerate higher rates of clomazone, compared to the untreated control. Thus, this study shows that dietholate and phorate inhibit the enzyme cytochrome P-450, blocking the activation of clomazone in the rice plants.Selectivity of Clomazone for rice plants increases when seeds are treated with the safener dietholate. Considering that dietholate acts on the activity of the cytochrome P450 monooxigenase, and that this enzyme also activates the herbicide clomazone, other chemicals capable of acting as safeners should also be sought. Thus, a trial was conducted aiming to evaluate the protective effect of dietholate and phorate against increasing clomazone rates. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized block design, with four replicates in a factorial scheme. Factor A included seeds untreated and treated with dietholate or with phorate. Factor B included eight clomazone rates (0, 156, 312, 625, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 g a.i. ha-1). Plant injury, plant height reduction percentage, fresh mass and dry mass weight were evaluated 18 days after sowing. Data were submitted to analysis of variance by non-linear regression of the logistic type. Significant differences were observed between the control without safener and the treatments with dietholate or phorate. The dose-response curves showed that when rice seeds were treated with either dietholate or phorate, the rice plants were able to tolerate higher rates of clomazone, compared to the untreated control. Thus, this study shows that dietholate and phorate inhibit the enzyme cytochrome P-450, blocking the activation of clomazone in the rice plants.

Growth and developmental of red and pad rice genotypes

The characterization growth and development of red rice biotypes may help controll strategies, the enhancement of competitiveness of cultivated rice with this weed and breeding programs. The objective of this is study was to quantity some growth and development parameters of two red rice biotypes as compared to irrigated genotypes. A field experiment was carried out at Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, during the 2004/2005 growing season with five sowing dates. The experimental design was a completely randomized with four replication in a two factorial arrangement (genotypes and sowing dates). The experimental unity was a 12 L pot with 10 plants. The genotypes used were: IRGA 421, IRGA 416, IRGA 417, IRGA 420, BR-IRGA 409, BRS 7 TAIM, EPAGRI 109, EEA 406, a hybrid, and two red rice biotypes (awned yellowhull-AVCAA, and awned blackhull-AVCPA). The date of major developmental stages in the COUNCE scale, leaf area, panicle length, plant height, phyllochron, main culm final leaf number, and tillering were measured in five plants per pot. Red rice biotypes usually had an intermediate developmental cycle compared to cultivated rice genotypes, with AVCAA having a longer cycle than AVCPA. Red rice biotypes had greater leaf area, greater height, greater panicle length and greater phyllochron, than modern rice genotypes. Tillering of red rice varied according to the sowing date.

Suscetibilidade de duas Gramas-boiadeiras a diferentes formulações de glyphosate

The use of glyphosate to chemical control of Cutgrass and Peruvian Watergrass with the use of non-selective herbicides has not been efficient. In this context, the investigation of chemical control of these species to glyphosate is very important, since there are not available commercially selective herbicides to control these species in post-emergence of irrigated rice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Cutgrass and Peruvian Watergrass to different formulations of glyphosate. Two factorial experiments were conducted in a greenhouse, in the first the A factor were two formulations of glyhposate (potassium and isopropylamine salt) and the B factor were nine doses of the herbicide (zero; 175; 350; 700; 1400; 2800; 5600; 11200; 22400g a.e. ha-1). In the second experiment, the A factor were two species (Leersia hexandra and Luziola peruviana), the B factor were three formulations of glyphosate (amoniun, potassium e isopropylamine salt) and the C factor were nine doses of herbicides (zero; 87,5; 175; 350; 700; 1400; 2800; 5600; 11200g a.e. ha-1). Based on the results obtained, it was observed that these species exhibit differential susceptibility to glyphosate. Moreover, Leersia hexandra was more sensitive when compared to Luziola peruviana. Glyphosate formulation influenced control efficiency, where Transorb Roundup R® and Roundup Ultra® provided the best control of the two species.