Ribas Antonio Vidal

Potencial de utilização de cobertura vegetal de sorgo e milheto na supressão de plantas daninhas em condição de campo: II - Efeitos da cobertura morta

The weed supression capacity of cover crops is well known and explored, although only a few works have been conducted on the relative importance of the physical and allelopathic effects on this phenomenon. Two trials were carried out in the field, in 1999/2000 and 2000/2001, at the experimental area of the University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, arranged in a randomized experimental block design with four replications to evaluate the effects of sorghum and pearl millet mulch on weedsupression. In both experimental years, the treatments resulted in a factorial, where factor A was composed by sorghum genotypes RS 11, BR 601, and BR 304, representatives of three classes of hydrophobic root extract production in the laboratory; the pearl millet genotype Comum RS; and by a check without cultures. Factor B was formed by different levels of straw of each genotype over the soil. In 1999/2000, sorghum straw levels of 1.3 t ha-1 were sufficient to decrease Brachiaria plantaginea (BRAPL) and Sida rhombifolia (SIDRH) infestations by 50%. In 2000/2001, 4 t ha-1 of sorghum or pearl millet straw were sufficient to decrease 91, 96, and 59% of the total SIDRH, BRAPL, and Bidens pilosa population, respectively. The presence of sorghum shoot residues is more important in weed supression than the presence of root residues of this crop.

Resistência ao glyphosate em biótipos de Conyza bonariensis e Conyza canadensis no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Experimentos de curva de dose-resposta foram conduzidos para avaliar a ocorrencia de resistencia ao glyphosate em biotipos de Conyza canadensis e Conyza bonariensis oriundos de municipios do Rio Grande do Sul. Para cada especie foi realizado um experimento com dois biotipos um suscetivel e outro com suspeita de resistencia. Glyphosate nas doses de 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 800 e 1.200 g ha-1 foi aplicado em plantas no estadio de 8-10 folhas. Curvas sigmoidais foram ajustadas para todos os biotipos testados. Confirmou-se a resistencia ao glyphosate em biotipos de ambas as especies, com fator de resistencia em torno de 2,3.

Potencial da utilização de coberturas vegetais de sorgo e milheto na supressão de plantas daninhas em condição de campo: I - plantas em desenvolvimento vegetativo

The capacity of supression of weed infestation by cultivation of cover crops can occur during the vegetative growth of the species cultivated as cover crops, at the early stages of development, or after their desiccation. Competition and allelopathic effects performed, during the coexistence of the cover crop with the weeds can be responsible for the supressive effect. Two experiments were carried out under field conditions, in 1999/2000 and 2000/2001, at the Experimental Station of Agronomy College, at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, in a randomized block design with four replications, to determine the effects of living plants of sorghum genotypes with distinct capacity of production of hydrophobic root extracts, on supressing weeds. In 1999/2000, the treatments consisted of the RS 11, BR 601, and BR 304 sorghum genotypes, representative of three classes of hydrophobic root extracts production in laboratory, Comum RS pearl millet genotype and a check without crops. In 2000/2001, the treatments were the result of combinations of genotype factors and weed position ( rows or interrows). In the two experimental years, the density and growth of weeds (SIDRH, BIDSS, and BRAPL) were similar between sorghum genotypes and of these with pearl millet. This occurred regardless of the place evaluated, in the total area or individually in the rows or interrows, indicating lack of suppressive effect of hydrophobic exsudates under field conditions. In the first trial, thirty days after seeding, reduction of 41% of infestation and 74% of weed total dry mass were observed, while in the second trial, 14 days after seeding, no differences were observed between sorghum and pearl millet areas and the check without cover crops. Weed density in rows was inversely proportional to living sorghum plant population in these places.

Redução da infestação de Brachiaria plantaginea em soja pela cobertura do solo com palha de aveia-preta

This work was conducted at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, in Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, during 1996/97, to evaluate the effect of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) residues on alexandergrass (Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitch.) density and on soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) yield. Treatments were arranged in split-plot in a randomized complete block design with four replicates, with weed control method as main plots and level of black oat residues as subplots. An exponential reduction of alexandergrass density was observed, with data varying from 829 to 86 plants/m2 for levels of straw on the soil surface of 0 to 10.5 ton/ha, respectively. Higher weed infestation occurred on the crop row than between the rows. In the weed-free treatments, soybean yield was not affected by crop residues. On the other hand, soybean yield increased linearly with increased amount of black oat residues on the soil controlling the weed. In weedy areas, soybean yield increased at the rate of 158 kg/ha for each ton of straw on the soil surface.

Biologia e ecofisiologia de buva (Conyza bonariensis e Conyza canadensis)

Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist and Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist are two weed species belonging to Asteraceae family. Frequently, they occur in orchards, vineyards, and in other crops, such as corn, soybean, and cotton and, also, in forage crops and pastures, as well as in fallow areas. This literature review has as objectives to describe and discuss botanical, biological, and ecopysiological characteristics of Conyza species that may facilitate adoption of strategies for their management in crops or to limit their establishment. Conyza canadensis is an annual or biennial species, native of North America; whereas, C. bonariensis is an annual species, native of South America. Spreading of both species occurs by seeds, which are easily dispersed through wind and water. Seeds do not present dormancy and can germinate promptly under favorable conditions of temperature and humidity. In various countries, including Brazil, Conyza biotypes resistant to herbicides were found. Adoption of diversified cultural practices, integrated to were found chemical control, may minimize the negative effects of Conyza, as well as, prevent cases of resistance.

ARROZ VERMELHO: ECOFISIOLOGIA E ESTRATÉGIAS DE CONTROLE

Interference caused by red rice (Oryza sativa L.) on cultivated rice (O. sativa L.) is the main factor that limits increasing grain yield potential of the cereal in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This literature review has the objective of describing ecophysiological characteristics of red rice, as well as to discuss strategies that favour cultivated rice in the competition process for environmental resources or that limit its establishment. Due to morphophysiological similarities between both, red rice control cannot be accomplished through the use of selective herbicides alone, requiring the combination of several integrated actions, involving preventive, cultural, physical and chemical methods. The presence of a high red rice population makes rice production impracticable, especially when the field extension turns hand weeding impossible. In such a condition, the most effective methods of control have been: the usage of pre-germinated seeds, early soil preparation combined with no-till seeding, and adaptation of crop rotation.

Multiple resistance of acetolactate synthase and protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors in Euphorbia heterophylla biotypes.

Abstract Resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in Brazil has been documented for six species. The probability to select biotypes of Euphorbia heterophylla (EPPHL) with multiple resistance increases in the same order of magnitude as the use of other herbicides belonging to only one mechanism of action. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the distribution of resistant populations (R) in the states of the Paraná and Santa Catarina; to determine the existence of populations of EPHHL with multiple resistance to ALS and PROTOX inhibitors, and to confirm the occurrence of cross resistance to compounds of these mechanisms of action. Seeds of EPHHL of areas with suspected resistance had been sampled in 97 places during 2003. In the greenhouse experiment samples of each population were sprayed with imazethapyr or fomesafen, at only one rate. To identify the resistant ones they were sprayed with different levels of the herbicides imazethapyr and fomesafen. Later they were sprayed with diverse herbicides of the same mechanisms of action to confirm the multiple/cross resistance. There is widespread distribution in the region of populations with resistance to ALS inhibitors. Some biotypes demonstrated resistance to herbicides from the two mechanisms of action. The resistance factor (FR), or the relation of resistance between R and susceptible biotypes, confirms the existence of two biotypes of EPHHL with cross resistance to several herbicides inhibitors of ALS and PROTOX.Resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in Brazil has been documented for six species. The probability to select biotypes of Euphorbia heterophylla (EPPHL) with multiple resistance increases in the same order of magnitude as the use of other herbicides belonging to only one mechanism of action. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the distribution of resistant populations (R) in the states of the Parana and Santa Catarina; to determine the existence of populations of EPHHL with multiple resistance to ALS and PROTOX inhibitors, and to confirm the occurrence of cross resistance to compounds of these mechanisms of action. Seeds of EPHHL of areas with suspected resistance had been sampled in 97 places during 2003. In the greenhouse experiment samples of each population were sprayed with imazethapyr or fomesafen, at only one rate. To identify the resistant ones they were sprayed with different levels of the herbicides imazethapyr and fomesafen. Later they were sprayed with diverse herbicides of the same mechanisms of action to confirm the multiple/cross resistance. There is widespread distribution in the region of populations with resistance to ALS inhibitors. Some biotypes demonstrated resistance to herbicides from the two mechanisms of action. The resistance factor (FR), or the relation of resistance between R and susceptible biotypes, confirms the existence of two biotypes of EPHHL with cross resistance to several herbicides inhibitors of ALS and PROTOX.

Molecular Basis of Resistance to ALS-Inhibitor Herbicides in Greater Beggarticks

Abstract Soybean is a major crop cultivated in Brazil, and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides are widely used to control weeds in this crop. The continuous use of these ALS-inhibiting herbicides has led to the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide. Greater beggarticks is a polyploid species and one of the most troublesome weeds in soybean production since the discovery of ALS-resistant biotypes in 1996. To confirm and characterize the resistance of greater beggarticks to ALS inhibitors, whole-plant bioassays and enzyme experiments were conducted. To investigate the molecular basis of resistance in greater beggarticks the ALS gene was sequenced and compared between susceptible and resistant biotypes. Our results confirmed that greater beggarticks is resistant to ALS inhibitors and also indicated it possesses at least three isoforms of the ALS gene. Analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences among the isoforms and between the biotypes indicated that a single point mutation, G–T, in one ALS isoform from the resistant biotype resulted in an amino acid substitution, Trp574Leu. Two additional substitutions were observed, Phe116Leu and Phe149Ser, in a second isoform of the resistant biotype, which were not yet reported in any other herbicide-resistant ALS gene; thus, their role in conferring herbicide resistance is not yet ascertained. This is the first report of ALS mutations in an important, herbicide-resistant weed species from Brazil. Nomenclature: Chlorimuron; cloransulam; imazethapyr; pyrithiobac; greater beggarticks, Bidens subalternans DC; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.

Competição por recursos do solo entre ervas daninhas e culturas

Engenheiro Agronomo, Aluno do Programa de Pos-graduacao em Fitotecnia, UFRGS.RESUMOA competicao entre plantas e um processo impor-tante tanto em comunidades naturais quanto em ambientes agri-colas. O impacto vegetativo das ervas daninhas em agroecossis-temas e considerado competicao se houver reducao no montantede recursos disponiveis para a cultura e, neste contexto, o desen-volvimento das raizes influencia na competitividade e na sobrevi-vencia das plantas. Uma planta que apresenta sistema radicalbem desenvolvido em extensao e em comprimento tem sido asso-ciada com aumento na habilidade competitiva devido ao maiorpotencial de absorcao de agua e nutrientes. A competicao entreos sistemas radicais das ervas daninhas e das culturas interferetanto na disponibilidade de agua e nutrientes quanto nas intera-coes por luz, na parte aerea. Entretanto, somente ocorrera com-peticao quando a zona de deplecao das raizes da cultura e daservas daninhas se sobreporem. A intensidade de competicao entreraizes das ervas e da cultura pelos recursos abaixo da superficiedo solo dependera do tipo e da disponibilidade dos recursos e daespecie vegetal e de sua capacidade em desenvolver sistemaradical extenso, com diâmetro reduzido e com ampla area super-ficial.Palavras-chave: interferencia, agua, nutrientes, habilidadecompetitiva, sistema radical.SUMMARYCompetition between plants is an important processas much in natural communities as in agricultural environments.The impact of weeds in agroecossystems is refered as competitionif there is a reduction in the amount of resources available for thecrop and, in this context, root development influences plantcompetitivity and survival. A plant which presents a welldeveloped root system in extension and in length has beenassociated with increased competition hability due to a greaterabsorption capacity of water and nutrients. Competition betweenroot systems of weeds and crops interferes in water and nutrientsavailability, as well as in interactions for light in the aerialsystem. However, competition will only occur when depletionzone of crop and weed roots has surpassed themselves. Intensityof competition between roots of weeds and crops by undergroundresources will depend on type and availability of resource, and onplant species, and capacity to develop an extensive root system,with a reduced diameter and a high surface area.Key words: interference, water, nutrients, competitive hability,root system.

Tolerância à interferência de plantas competidoras e habilidade de supressão por cultivares de soja: I. Resposta de variáveis de crescimento

Differential morphological plant characteristics may influence competition relations between crop and weeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of plants of four soybean cultivars and two other soybean cultivars, mimicking dicotyledonous weed species, on their relationships during the vegetative growth period. Thus, two experiments were carried out: one in pots, to provide data for initial soybean plant growth; and the other in the field, to monitor plant growth characteristics. The following factors and treatments were tested in the field: three competition conditions (absence of competing plants or presence of the soybean cultivars BRS 205 or Cobb), and four soybean cultivars reagent to competition (IAS 5, BR-16, CD 205, and Fepagro RS-10). Soybean cultivars showed varied emergence speed and initial plant growth. The presence of the concurrent plants, regardless of their plant characteristics, affected soybean branching. Fepagro RS-10 and BR-16 cultivars had a fast growth during the initial development period; CD 205, on the contrary, showed slow growth during this phase. Early maturity soybean cultivars cover the soil more rapidly than late maturity cultivars, during the first 45 days of growth.