Nicolas Martinez

Intrinsic disorder in measles virus nucleocapsids

The genome of measles virus is encapsidated by multiple copies of the nucleoprotein (N), forming helical nucleocapsids of molecular mass approaching 150 Megadalton. The intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain of N (NTAIL) is essential for transcription and replication of the virus via interaction with the phosphoprotein P of the viral polymerase complex. The molecular recognition element (MoRE) of NTAIL that binds P is situated 90 amino acids from the folded RNA-binding domain (NCORE) of N, raising questions about the functional role of this disordered chain. Here we report the first in situ structural characterization of NTAIL in the context of the entire N-RNA capsid. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, small angle scattering, and electron microscopy, we demonstrate that NTAIL is highly flexible in intact nucleocapsids and that the MoRE is in transient interaction with NCORE. We present a model in which the first 50 disordered amino acids of NTAIL are conformationally restricted as the chain escapes to the outside of the nucleocapsid via the interstitial space between successive NCORE helical turns. The model provides a structural framework for understanding the role of NTAIL in the initiation of viral transcription and replication, placing the flexible MoRE close to the viral RNA and, thus, positioning the polymerase complex in its functional environment.

Insights into the structure and dynamics of measles virus nucleocapsids by 1H-detected solid-state NMR.

(1)H-detected solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments are recorded on both intact and trypsin-cleaved sedimented measles virus (MeV) nucleocapsids under ultra-fast magic-angle spinning. High-resolution (1)H,(15)N-fingerprints allow probing the degree of molecular order and flexibility of individual capsid proteins, providing an exciting atomic-scale complement to electro microscopy (EM) studies of the same systems.

High protein flexibility and reduced hydration water dynamics are key pressure adaptive strategies in prokaryotes

Water and protein dynamics on a nanometer scale were measured by quasi-elastic neutron scattering in the piezophile archaeon Thermococcus barophilus and the closely related pressure-sensitive Thermococcus kodakarensis, at 0.1 and 40 MPa. We show that cells of the pressure sensitive organism exhibit higher intrinsic stability. Both the hydration water dynamics and the fast protein and lipid dynamics are reduced under pressure. In contrast, the proteome of T. barophilus is more pressure sensitive than that of T. kodakarensis. The diffusion coefficient of hydration water is reduced, while the fast protein and lipid dynamics are slightly enhanced with increasing pressure. These findings show that the coupling between hydration water and cellular constituents might not be simply a master-slave relationship. We propose that the high flexibility of the T. barophilus proteome associated with reduced hydration water may be the keys to the molecular adaptation of the cells to high hydrostatic pressure.

Molecular adaptation and salt stress response of Halobacterium salinarum cells revealed by neutron spectroscopy

Halobacterium salinarum is an extreme halophile archaeon with an absolute requirement for a multimolar salt environment. It accumulates molar concentrations of KCl in the cytosol to counterbalance the external osmotic pressure imposed by the molar NaCl. As a consequence, cytosolic proteins are permanently exposed to low water activity and highly ionic conditions. In non-adapted systems, such conditions would promote protein aggregation, precipitation, and denaturation. In contrast, in vitro studies showed that proteins from extreme halophilic cells are themselves obligate halophiles. In this paper, adaptation via dynamics to low-salt stress in H. salinarum cells was measured by neutron scattering experiments coupled with microbiological characterization. The molecular dynamic properties of a proteome represent a good indicator for environmental adaptation and the neutron/microbiology approach has been shown to be well tailored to characterize these modifications. In their natural setting, halophilic organisms often have to face important variations in environmental salt concentration. The results showed deleterious effects already occur in the H. salinarum proteome, even when the external salt concentration is still relatively high, suggesting the onset of survival mechanisms quite early when the environmental salt concentration decreases.

Sequential unfolding of beta helical protein by single-molecule atomic force microscopy

The parallel βhelix is a common fold among extracellular proteins, however its mechanical properties remain unexplored. In Gram-negative bacteria, extracellular proteins of diverse functions of the large ‘TpsA’ family all fold into long βhelices. Here, single-molecule atomic force microscopy and steered molecular dynamics simulations were combined to investigate the mechanical properties of a prototypic TpsA protein, FHA, the major adhesin of Bordetella pertussis. Strong extension forces were required to fully unfold this highly repetitive protein, and unfolding occurred along a stepwise, hierarchical process. Our analyses showed that the extremities of the βhelix unfold early, while central regions of the helix are more resistant to mechanical unfolding. In particular, a mechanically resistant subdomain conserved among TpsA proteins and critical for secretion was identified. This nucleus harbors structural elements packed against the βhelix that might contribute to stabilizing the N-terminal region of FHA. Hierarchical unfolding of the βhelix in response to a mechanical stress may maintain β-helical portions that can serve as templates for regaining the native structure after stress. The mechanical properties uncovered here might apply to many proteins with β-helical or related folds, both in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes, and play key roles in their structural integrity and functions.

Deep Sea Microbes Probed by Incoherent Neutron Scattering Under High Hydrostatic Pressure

Abstract The majority of the biosphere is a high pressure environment. Around 70% of the marine biosphere lies at depths below 1000 m, i.e. at pressures of 100 bars or higher. To survive in these environments, deep-biosphere organisms have adapted to life at high pressure. In vitro studies showed that the activity of certain proteins originating from deep-sea organisms is less affected by high pressure than that of enzymes from surface organisms . However, the genetic and structural bases for this increased pressure resistance are still unknown. Elastic incoherent neutron scattering studies, which provide access to information about molecular dynamics, constitute a very promising approach to decipher the structural adaptation in proteins living under high pressure. This approach has been used in the past to investigate the adaptation of biological systems to temperature and salinity and proved to be essential and complementary to structural studies. Here first investigations of high pressure effects on cell dynamics are presented using Thermococcales as models.

Structure and plasticity of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Par27 of Bordetella pertussis revealed by X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering.

Par27 from Bordetella pertussis belongs to a newly discovered class of dimeric peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase)/chaperones from the parvulin family. It is a tripartite protein with a central PPIase domain surrounded by N- and C-terminal sub-domains (NTD and CTD). Here, the Par27 structure was characterized by X-ray crystallography, small-angle X-ray scattering and template-based modeling. In the crystal lattice, Par27 consists of alternating well ordered and poorly ordered domains. The PPIase domains gave rise to diffuse scattering and could not be solved, whereas a 2.2A resolution crystal structure was obtained for the NTD and CTD, revealing a cradle-shaped dimeric platform. Despite a lack of sequence similarity with corresponding sub-domains, the topology of the peptide chain in the NTD/CTD core is similar to that of other monomeric PPIase/chaperones such as SurA and trigger factor from Escherichia coli. In Par27, dimerization occurs by sub-domain swapping. Because of the strong amino acid sequence similarity to other parvulin domains, a model for the Par27 PPIase domain was built by template-based modeling and validated against small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. A model of the full-length dimeric Par27 structure was built by rigid-body modeling and filtering against SAXS data using the partial crystal structure of the NTD/CTD core and the template-based PPIase model. The flexibility of protein was accounted for by representing the structure as an ensemble of different conformations that collectively reproduce the scattering data. The refined models exhibit a cradle-like shape reminiscent of other PPIase/chaperones, and the variability in the orientation of the PPIase domains relative to the NTD/CTD core platform observed in the different models suggests inter-domain flexibility that could be important for the biological activity of this protein.

High hydrostatic pressure specifically affects molecular dynamics and shape of low-density lipoprotein particles

Lipid composition of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its physicochemical characteristics are relevant for proper functioning of lipid transport in the blood circulation. To explore dynamical and structural features of LDL particles with either a normal or a triglyceride-rich lipid composition we combined coherent and incoherent neutron scattering methods. The investigations were carried out under high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), which is a versatile tool to study the physicochemical behavior of biomolecules in solution at a molecular level. Within both neutron techniques we applied HHP to probe the shape and degree of freedom of the possible motions (within the time windows of 15 and 100 ps) and consequently the flexibility of LDL particles. We found that HHP does not change the types of motion in LDL, but influences the portion of motions participating. Contrary to our assumption that lipoprotein particles, like membranes, are highly sensitive to pressure we determined that LDL copes surprisingly well with high pressure conditions, although the lipid composition, particularly the triglyceride content of the particles, impacts the molecular dynamics and shape arrangement of LDL under pressure.

Ensemble Structure of the Highly Flexible Complex Formed between Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Unassembled Nucleoprotein and its Phosphoprotein Chaperone

Nucleocapsid assembly is an essential process in the replication of the non-segmented, negative-sense RNA viruses (NNVs). Unassembled nucleoprotein (N(0)) is maintained in an RNA-free and monomeric form by its viral chaperone, the phosphoprotein (P), forming the N(0)-P complex. Our earlier work solved the structure of vesicular stomatitis virus complex formed between an N-terminally truncated N (NΔ21) and a peptide of P (P60) encompassing the N(0)-binding site, but how the full-length P interacts with N(0) remained unknown. Here, we combine several experimental biophysical methods including size exclusion chromatography with detection by light scattering and refractometry, small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with molecular dynamics simulation and computational modeling to characterize the NΔ21(0)-PFL complex formed with dimeric full-length P. We show that for multi-molecular complexes, simultaneous multiple-curve fitting using small-angle neutron scattering data collected at varying contrast levels provides additional information and can help refine structural ensembles. We demonstrate that (a) vesicular stomatitis virus PFL conserves its high flexibility within the NΔ21(0)-PFL complex and interacts with NΔ21(0) only through its N-terminal extremity; (b) each protomer of P can chaperone one N(0) client protein, leading to the formation of complexes with stoichiometries 1N:P2 and 2N:P2; and (c) phosphorylation of residues Ser60, Thr62 and Ser64 provides no additional interactions with N(0) but creates a metal binding site in PNTR. A comparison with the structures of Nipah virus and Ebola virus N(0)-P core complex suggests a mechanism for the control of nucleocapsid assembly that is common to all NNVs.

Correlation of the dynamics of native human acetylcholinesterase and its inhibited huperzine A counterpart from sub-picoseconds to nanoseconds

It is a long debated question whether catalytic activities of enzymes, which lie on the millisecond timescale, are possibly already reflected in variations in atomic thermal fluctuations on the pico- to nanosecond timescale. To shed light on this puzzle, the enzyme human acetylcholinesterase in its wild-type form and complexed with the inhibitor huperzine A were investigated by various neutron scattering techniques and molecular dynamics simulations. Previous results on elastic neutron scattering at various timescales and simulations suggest that dynamical processes are not affected on average by the presence of the ligand within the considered time ranges between 10 ps and 1 ns. In the work presented here, the focus was laid on quasi-elastic (QENS) and inelastic neutron scattering (INS). These techniques give access to different kinds of individual diffusive motions and to the density of states of collective motions at the sub-picoseconds timescale. Hence, they permit going beyond the first approach of looking at mean square displacements. For both samples, the autocorrelation function was well described by a stretched-exponential function indicating a linkage between the timescales of fast and slow functional relaxation dynamics. The findings of the QENS and INS investigation are discussed in relation to the results of our earlier elastic incoherent neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations.