Nikola Bilandžija

Biomass valorisation of Arundo donax L., Miscanthus × giganteus and Sida hermaphrodita for biofuel production

Abstract In the context of the growing demand for biomass, which is being encouraged by the EU directives on the promotion of the use of renewable energy, recent investigations have been increasingly focused on fast-growing energy crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the energy properties of three types of agricultural energy crops: Arundo donax L., Miscanthus × giganteus and Sida hermaphrodita. This investigation looked into the content of non-combustible and combustible matter, higher and lower heating values, lignocellulose content, and biomass macro-elements. The results indicate that the energy values of these crops are comparable, while their lignocellulose content shows significant variations. Thus, Arundo donax L. can best be utilised as solid biofuel due to its highest lignin content, while Miscanthus × giganteus and Sida hermaphrodita L. can be used for both liquid and solid biofuels production. As far as Arundo donax L. is concerned, a higher ash level should be taken into consideration.

Effect of precision drill forward speed on in-Row seed spacing accuracy of red beet

The most significant factor for controlling root size of red beet is likely to be the spacing between plants, or the density of seed plantings. Most red beet that is used in processing and for the market, is produced by direct sowing with precision drills at an inter-row spacing of 30 to 60 cm and in-row spacing of 5 to 10 cm, aiming at 30 to 70 plants m-2. The desired plant density per unit area can be achieved by using mechanical and pneumatic precision drills, and by sowing calibrated seeds. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of varied forward speed on in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy of red beet using different types of precision drills. It was found that an increase in the drill operating speed decreases drilling precision. This was prevalent in cases of drills that used mechanical feed mechanisms, rather than drills with pneumatic feed mechanisms. The best in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy was determined at the speed of 0.83 ms-1 with the pneumatic feed precision drill operated suction system, when 83.1% of seeds were laid at the 0.5-1.5 of the theoretical seed spacing (Zt). Inferior results were obtained with the belt feed mechanism at an operating speed of 1.81 ms-1 (63.4% of Zt).Preliminary communication The most significant factor for controlling root size of red beet is likely to be the density of seed plantings. Most red beet is produced by direct sowing with precision drills at an in-row spacing of 5 to 10 cm, aiming at 30 to 70 plants per m. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of varied forward speed on in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy of red beet using different types of precision drills. It was found that an increase in the drill operating speed decreases drilling precision. The best in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy was determined at the speed of 0,83 m/s with the pneumatic feed precision drill operated suction system, when 83,1 % of seeds were laid at the 0,5÷1,5 of the theoretical seed spacing. Inferior results were obtained with the belt feed mechanism at an operating speed of 1,81 m/s.

Effect of drill speed and feed mechanisms on in-row seed spacing accuracy of red beet

The most significant factor for controlling root size of red beet is likely to be the spacing between plants, or the density of seed plantings. Most red beet that is used in processing and for the market, is produced by direct sowing with precision drills at an inter-row spacing of 30 to 60 cm and in-row spacing of 5 to 10 cm, aiming at 30 to 70 plants m-2. The desired plant density per unit area can be achieved by using mechanical and pneumatic precision drills, and by sowing calibrated seeds. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of varied forward speed on in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy of red beet using different types of precision drills. It was found that an increase in the drill operating speed decreases drilling precision. This was prevalent in cases of drills that used mechanical feed mechanisms, rather than drills with pneumatic feed mechanisms. The best in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy was determined at the speed of 0.83 ms-1 with the pneumatic feed precision drill operated suction system, when 83.1% of seeds were laid at the 0.5-1.5 of the theoretical seed spacing (Zt). Inferior results were obtained with the belt feed mechanism at an operating speed of 1.81 ms-1 (63.4% of Zt).Preliminary communication The most significant factor for controlling root size of red beet is likely to be the density of seed plantings. Most red beet is produced by direct sowing with precision drills at an in-row spacing of 5 to 10 cm, aiming at 30 to 70 plants per m. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of varied forward speed on in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy of red beet using different types of precision drills. It was found that an increase in the drill operating speed decreases drilling precision. The best in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy was determined at the speed of 0,83 m/s with the pneumatic feed precision drill operated suction system, when 83,1 % of seeds were laid at the 0,5÷1,5 of the theoretical seed spacing. Inferior results were obtained with the belt feed mechanism at an operating speed of 1,81 m/s.

Utjecaj brzine kretanja i tehničkih izvedbi precizne sijačice na preciznost sjetve cikle unutar reda

The most significant factor for controlling root size of red beet is likely to be the spacing between plants, or the density of seed plantings. Most red beet that is used in processing and for the market, is produced by direct sowing with precision drills at an inter-row spacing of 30 to 60 cm and in-row spacing of 5 to 10 cm, aiming at 30 to 70 plants m-2. The desired plant density per unit area can be achieved by using mechanical and pneumatic precision drills, and by sowing calibrated seeds. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of varied forward speed on in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy of red beet using different types of precision drills. It was found that an increase in the drill operating speed decreases drilling precision. This was prevalent in cases of drills that used mechanical feed mechanisms, rather than drills with pneumatic feed mechanisms. The best in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy was determined at the speed of 0.83 ms-1 with the pneumatic feed precision drill operated suction system, when 83.1% of seeds were laid at the 0.5-1.5 of the theoretical seed spacing (Zt). Inferior results were obtained with the belt feed mechanism at an operating speed of 1.81 ms-1 (63.4% of Zt).Preliminary communication The most significant factor for controlling root size of red beet is likely to be the density of seed plantings. Most red beet is produced by direct sowing with precision drills at an in-row spacing of 5 to 10 cm, aiming at 30 to 70 plants per m. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of varied forward speed on in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy of red beet using different types of precision drills. It was found that an increase in the drill operating speed decreases drilling precision. The best in-row seed spacing distribution accuracy was determined at the speed of 0,83 m/s with the pneumatic feed precision drill operated suction system, when 83,1 % of seeds were laid at the 0,5÷1,5 of the theoretical seed spacing. Inferior results were obtained with the belt feed mechanism at an operating speed of 1,81 m/s.