Nobuyuki Tomizawa

MRI identification of dorsal hippocampus homologue in human brain.

We investigated hippocampal substructure in the rat, cat, dog, and human by means of magnetic resonance imaging to elucidate phylogenetic differences in longitudinal organization. Multidirectional high-resolution images obtained with a 3 T scanner revealed that the dorsal part of the hippocampus was well developed in the rat, cat, and dog brain, and was homologous to the hippocampal tail, a poorly-developed posterior part, in the human. We conclude that the dorsal hippocampus of laboratory animals corresponds to the hippocampal tail in the human brain, which is considered to be hypoplastic and of less importance clinically than more anterior regions. These data may help in understanding phylogenetic, and in correlating results from animal experiments with clinical findings on the functions and pathologies of the human hippocampus.

Effect of Induced Subclinical Hypocalcemia on the Motility of the Bovine Digestive Tract

The motility of the digestive tract of cows having hypocalcemia induced by administrating Na2EDTA was monitored in three cows through force transducers sutured on peripheral surface of the rumen, body of the abomasum, pylorus, duodenal bulb, descending portion of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum with the purpose to investigate the influence of the concentration of calcium ion [Ca+2] in plasma on the motility of the digestive tract. The contraction was decreased in the respective portions of the digestive tract with decreasing Ca+2 concentration in plasma prior to showing anorexia or ataxia observed in milk fever. The rumen was most sensitive to plasma [Ca+2]. When plasma [Ca+2] was decreased to 0.82 mmol/l, contractions began to decrease in amplitude. When the concentration was further decreased to 50 % of the initial value, the contraction only remained 46 % of the initial level. In contrast the descending portion of the duodenum still showed 66 % of the full contraction when the plasma [Ca+2] was 50 % of the initial value. In the abomasum, stronger suppression of the contraction was observed in the pylorus than in the corpus fundus. When plasma [Ca+2] was decreased to 50 %, the contraction became 61 % of the full in the body, 47 % in the pylorus. During administration of Na2EDTA, phase III of small intestine was often suppressed in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Even when phase III was observed the intervals of migrating contractions were prolonged. The results obtained in this study showed that subclinical hypocalcemia brought about suppression of the motility in the respective portions of the digestive tract in cows, and that the sensitivity to hypocalcemia with regard to smooth muscle contraction was different among the portions. This was probably due to the difference in function of the nerves connected to the portions. It was suggested that diminished motility of the rumen and abomasum, caused by subclinical hypocalcemia, was one of the mportant pathogenic factors of enterectacsis or derangement of the abomasum. Additionally, the decreased motility of the small intestine lowered the uptake of Ca+2, and this vicious circle brought about constipation.