Nora I. Schneider

Prognostic stratification of colorectal cancer patients: current perspectives.

Tumor staging according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International Cancer Control tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system is currently regarded as the standard for staging of patients with colorectal cancer. This system provides the strongest prognostic information for patients with early stage disease and those with advanced disease. For patients with intermediate levels of disease, it is less able to predict disease outcome. Therefore, additional prognostic markers are needed to improve the management of affected patients. Ideal markers are readily assessable on hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor slides, and in this way are easily applicable worldwide. This review summarizes the histological features of colorectal cancer that can be used for prognostic stratification. Specifically, we refer to the different histological variants of colorectal cancer that have been identified, each of these variants carrying distinct prognostic significance. Established markers of adverse outcomes are lymphatic and venous invasion, as well as perineural invasion, but underreporting still occurs in the routine setting. Tumor budding and tumor necrosis are recent advances that may help to identify patients at high risk for recurrence. The prognostic significance of the antitumor inflammatory response has been known for quite a long time, but a lack of standardization prevented its application in routine pathology. However, scales to assess intra- and peritumoral inflammation have recently emerged, and can be expected to strengthen the prognostic significance of the pathology report.

Changing prevalence patterns in endoscopic and histological diagnosis of gastritis? Data from a cross-sectional Central European multicentre study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Traditionally, Helicobacter infection is considered to be the most common cause of gastritis. In the cross-sectional Central European histoGERD trial, we assessed the prevalence of different types of gastritis, correlating histological and endoscopic diagnoses. METHODS A total of 1123 individuals participated in an observational multicentre study. Endoscopists classified individuals as positive or negative for gastritis and rendered the putative cause. Pathologists evaluated biopsy specimens based upon the Updated Sydney System. RESULTS Histological diagnosis of gastritis was made in 639 (56.9%) participants. In all, 210 (18.7%) individuals were diagnosed with Helicobacter gastritis, 215 (19.1%) with post Helicobacter gastritis, 234 (20.8%) with reactive gastropathy, 26 (2.3%) with autoimmune gastritis, and 6 (0.5%) with focally enhanced gastritis related to Crohns disease. In 46 out of 639 (7.2%) individuals diagnosed with gastritis, combinations of different histological subtypes were noted the most common being reactive gastropathy and post Helicobacter gastritis. Endoscopic diagnosis of gastritis was made in 534 (47.6%) individuals. CONCLUSIONS Reactive gastropathy was more common than active Helicobacter gastritis, and the majority of cases attributable to Helicobacter infection were no longer ongoing, i.e. post Helicobacter gastritis. Agreement between histological and endoscopic diagnoses was better in reactive gastropathy than in Helicobacter gastritis.

Is there a rationale to record lymphatic invasion in node-positive colorectal cancer?

This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of lymphatic invasion in colorectal cancers that have already spread to regional lymph nodes. 168 patients with node-positive tumours (colon, n=98; rectum, n=70) were retrospectively evaluated. Lymphatic invasion was assessed on H&E stained slides and univariable and multivariable analyses were applied. Lymphatic invasion was detected in 95 (57%) cases and was significantly associated with tumour and node classification and tumour differentiation. Patients with tumours showing lymphatic invasion had decreased progression-free survival (p=0.025) and cancer-specific survival (p=0.082). Stratified by location, lymphatic invasion was significantly associated with decreased progression-free (p=0.010) and cancer-specific (p=0.023) survival in colon cancers, yet not in rectal cancers. Multivariable analysis proved T4 (HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.40 to 3.39; p<0.001) and N2 (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.66; p=0.03) as independent predictors of progression-free survival and T4 (HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.07; p=0.009), N2 (HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.38 to 3.73; p=0.001) and poor tumour differentiation (HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.43; p<0.001) as independent predictors of cancer-specific survival, while for lymphatic invasion no influence on outcome was noted. In conclusion, only tumour and node classification, and tumour differentiation proved to be independent prognostic variables in node-positive colorectal cancer and merit special attention in clinical decision-making.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma with multiple eosinophilic extracellular deposits consistent with noncalcified psammoma bodies

Dear Editor, Adenocarcinomas commonly show extracellular mucin deposits, which, e.g., in breast cancer, may undergo secondary degenerative changes such as calcification. Psammoma bodies representing lamellated calcifications are a common morphologic feature of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary, and meningiomas. A 63-year-old male presented with unspecific epigastric pain and obstructive jaundice. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a mass lesion within the head of the pancreas, measuring 1.8 cm in the largest diameter, with infiltration of the duodenal wall, stricture of the distal bile duct, and dilatation of the biliary system. In addition, cancer spread to regional lymph nodes and liver was noted (Fig. 1). Endoscopy disclosed ulceration of the duodenal mucosa by penetrating tumor and multiple biopsies were obtained. Upon histology, the tumor turned out to be a poorly differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma. The tumor infiltrated the duodenal mucosa, showed multifocal lymphatic permeation, and was characterized by multiple eosinophilic extracellular deposits that were commonly, yet not invariably surrounded by cancer cells (Fig. 2a–b). The deposits were PAS-positive (Fig. 2c) and appeared lamellated, consistent

The Status of Histopathology in the Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal RefluxDisease Time for Reappraisal

The histological diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease is generally believed to be a tool of limited value. Recent data, however, indicate that histology may be useful for the management of patients with non-erosive reflux disease, who account for up to 60% of all patients with reflux symptoms. Early diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease is crucial because chronic reflux esophagitis is a key risk factor for the development of Barrett´s esophagus, which predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Histologically, reflux esophagitis is characterized by basal cell hyperplasia, papillary elongation, dilation of intercellular spaces, and inflammatory infiltration. These reflux-induced changes of the squamous epithelium are mainly related to the diagnosis of acute and/or active reflux. The chronic consequences of gastroesophageal reflux disease are mainly characterized by metaplatic mucosal replacement. The origin and significance of cardiac mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction are still controversial However, evidence is accumulating that injury and repair related to gastroesophageal reflux disease contribute to its development and/or expansion. Multilayered epithelium, defined as hybrid epithelium with characteristics of both squamous and columnar epithelium has been identified as a new sensitive marker of gastroesophageal reflux disease. This epithelium may be the precursor of metaplastic cardiac mucosa, and ultimately Barrett’s esophagus.

Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a rare tumor with propensity for hepatic involvement.

Small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the bladder is a rare entity, accounting for less than 1% of all bladder tumors. The authors report 2 new cases of the disease, both presenting with liver metastasis. In the first case, small cell carcinoma occurred in an 85-year-old woman as tumor recurrence of previous micropapillary carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma in situ, illustrating the common coexistence with conventional urothelial carcinoma. In the second case of a 58-year-old man, non-small cell tumor components were not observed. Accurate diagnosis of small cell carcinoma may be challenging. A panel of different antibodies, including neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, synaptophysin and CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule) is recommended. In conclusion, small cell carcinoma represents a rare and aggressive form of bladder malignancy. As illustrated by the 2 cases and according to the literature review, the tumor shows a so far underrecognized propensity for hepatic involvement.