Norasikin Othman

Recovery of synthetic dye from simulated wastewater using emulsion liquid membrane process containing tri-dodecyl amine as a mobile carrier.

The extraction of Red 3BS reactive dye from aqueous solution was studied using emulsion liquid membrane (ELM). ELM is one of the processes that have very high potential in treating industrial wastewater consisting of dyes. In this research, Red 3BS reactive dye was extracted from simulated wastewater using tridodecylamine (TDA) as the carrier agent, salicyclic acid (SA) to protonate TDA, sodium chloride as the stripping agent, kerosene as the diluent and SPAN 80 as emulsifier. Experimental parameters investigated were salicyclic acid concentration, extraction time, SPAN 80 concentration, sodium chloride concentration, TDA concentration, agitation speed, homogenizer speed, emulsifying time and treat ratio. The results show almost 100% of Red 3BS was removed and stripped in the receiving phase at the optimum condition in this ELM system. High voltage coalesce was applied to break the emulsion hence, enables recovery of Red 3BS in the receiving phase.

Selective removal and recovery of Black B reactive dye from simulated textile wastewater using the supported liquid membrane process

Effluent containing colour/dyes, especially reactive dyes, becomes a great concern of wastewater treatment because it is toxic to human life and aquatic life. In this study, reactive dye of Black B was separated using the supported liquid membrane process. Commercial polypropylene membrane was used as a support of the kerosene–tridodecylamine liquid membrane. Several parameters were tested and the result showed that almost 100% of 70 ppm Black B was removed and 99% of 70 ppm Black B was recovered at pH 2 of the feed phase containing 0.00001 M Na2SiO3, flow rate of 150 ml/min and 0.2 M NaOH. The membrane support also remained stable for up to 36 hours under an optimum condition.

Removal performance of lignin compound from simulated pulping wastewater using emulsion liquid membrane process

Removal of lignin from pulping wastewater has considerable interest due to high market value in conversion to external biofuel and specialty chemicals. Thus, it is important to remove lignin for increasing revenue while reducing environmental problems. Removal of lignin from simulated pulping wastewater using emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) was proposed in this study. Thereby, optimum removal performance of the ELM was achieved by identifying the best set of liquid membrane formulation and affect parameter conditions. Selection of liquid membrane component was made on the basis of conventional liquid-liquid extraction studies to accomplish the extraction study in ELM process. The liquid membrane was formulated by dissolving the carrier trioctylamine (TOA) in kerosene as the diluent, sodium chloride (NaCl) as receiving phase and Span 80 as surfactant. The results showed that the optimum condition can be achieved at feed phase pH of 3, 3% (w/v) of surfactant concentration, 5 minutes of extraction time, 250 rpm of agitation speed, 0.1 M TOA, 1:10 of treat ratio and 1.5 M of NaCl. At these conditions, a stable emulsion was performed and 94% of lignin was extracted.

Extraction of Rhodamine 6G Dye from Liquid Waste Solution: Study on Emulsion Liquid Membrane Stability Performance and Recovery

Effluent from industry using coloring material is hazardous to the environment because it is toxic in nature. Thus, it is important to treat the effluent to preserve the environment. In this research, extraction of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) from liquid wastewater using emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process was studied. ELM formulation consists of kerosene as diluent, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHPA) as carrier, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as internal phase, and SPAN 80 as surfactant. Several parameters had been examined to determine the stability of ELM and the recovery of R6G basic dyes from liquid waste solutions. The results show that the most stable emulsion was obtained with formulation consists of 0.1 M D2EHPA, 1.0 M of H2SO4 by using 12000 rpm homogenizer speed at 5 minutes emulsifying time. Furthermore, the result of recovery R6G in ELM process shows that the optimum condition of 50 ppm concentration of dye extraction were 5 minutes extraction time with the concentration of Span 80 at 3% w/v, agitation speed at 150 rpm, and the condition of 1:3 treat ratio. At this condition, the percentage of extraction and recovery were 100% and 84% respectively. Hence, the conclusion that ELM is a very promising technique for separating R6G from liquid wastewater.

Synergistic green extraction of nickel ions from electroplating waste via mixtures of chelating and organophosphorus carrier

The discharge of electroplating waste containing nickel ions has led to environmental issues owing to the toxicity problem mainly to the aquatic organisms and humans. Liquid-liquid extraction offers a great potential treatment for nickel removal with several advantages of simple, high efficiency and high separation factor. In this study, a green synergistic liquid-liquid extraction of nickel ions from electroplating waste solution using chelating oxime (LIX63) and organophosphorus (D2EHPA) carriers individually as well as their synergistic mixture has been studied. The result demonstrated that about 83% of nickel ions have been successfully extracted via the mixture system of 0.08M LIX63 +0.02M D2EHPA with the maximum synergistic enhancement factor, Rmax of 29.56. Meanwhile, the back extraction study also revealed that HNO3 was the most suitable stripping agent while the diluent screening also showed that palm oil has high potential to be incorporated as a diluent in the green synergistic liquid-liquid extraction of nickel.

Recovery of kraft lignin from pulping wastewater via emulsion liquid membrane process

Kraft lignin (KL) is a renewable source of many valuable intermediate biochemical products currently derived from petroleum. An excessive of lignin comes from pulping wastewater caused an adverse pollution problems hence affecting human and aquatic life. A comprehensive study pertaining to emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) extraction of lignin from pulping wastewater was presented. ELM formulation contains Aliquat 336 as carrier, kerosene as diluent, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as stripping agent and Span 80 as surfactant. The emulsion stability was investigated at different surfactant concentrations, homogenizer speed and emulsification time. Modifier (2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol) was added to avoid segregation of third phase while improving the emulsion stability. At optimum conditions, 95% and 56% of lignin were extracted and recovered, respectively at 10 min of extraction time, 0.007 M of Aliquat 336, 0.1 M of NaHCO3 and 1:5 of treat ratio. Additional of modifier was contributed to highest recovery up to 98%. The ELM process was found to be equally feasible and quite effective in the recovery of KL from real pulping wastewater. Therefore, ELM process provides a promising alternative technology to recover KL from pulping wastewater while solving the environmental problems simultaneously.

Response surface optimization of kraft lignin recovery from pulping wastewater through emulsion liquid membrane process

Kraft lignin (KL) represents a key sustainable source of biomass for transformation into biofuels and high-value specialty chemicals. Excess lignin in pulping wastewater creates pollution problems, hence affecting human. Thus, the KL recovery from pulping wastewater by emulsion liquid membrane was investigated and optimized using response surface methodology in this study. The liquid membrane was prepared by dissolving carrier tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) and hydrophobic surfactant sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) in kerosene (diluent) with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) as the internal stripping phase and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as the modifier. The comparison between the experimentally optimized, and the RSM optimized values was accomplished by optimizing the following parameters: carrier and stripping agent concentration and treat ratio of emulsion to feed phase. The maximum KL recovery of 97% was obtained under the optimum condition at 0.012 M of Aliquat 336, 0.32 M of NaHCO3, and 1:4.8 of treat ratio.

The Role of Internal Droplet Size on Emulsion Stability and the Extraction Performance of Kraft Lignin Removal from Pulping Wastewater in Emulsion Liquid Membrane Process

It has been discovered that the size of internal droplets in primary emulsion determines emulsion dispersion and stability in emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process for removal of lignin from pulping wastewater. Generally, primary emulsion contains kerosene, Aliquat 336, sodium bicarbonate, as well as Span 80 as diluent, carrier, internal phase, and surfactant, respectively. Hence, this study had looked into the parameters, including concentration of surfactant, carrier, and stripping agent; emulsification speed and time; as well as agitation speed and time. As a result, the diameter of the smallest droplets (1.4 µm) was formed with maximum lignin extraction (95%), minimum swelling (5%) at 3% (w/v) surfactant concentration, 12,000 rpm of emulsification within 5 minutes, 0.01 M of Aliquat 336, 0.1 M of NaHCO3, and 250 rpm of extraction within 10 minutes. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Recovery of ionized nanosilver by emulsion liquid membrane process and parameters optimization using response surface methodology

The discharge of silver ions from nanosilver-based product into the environment has raised the ecological and human health concern due to the toxicity of silver ion, particularly on the release behaviour of ionized nanosilver from the wastage. Therefore, recovery of ionized nanosilver is highly necessary. In this research, emulsion liquid membrane technique was employed for ionized nanosilver recovery from the domestic waste. The liquid membrane consists of kerosene, Span 80, Cyanex 302 and acidic thiourea as the diluent, surfactant, carrier and stripping agent, respectively. The emulsion stability was investigated at different surfactant concentrations, agitation and homogenizer speeds. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for the optimization of process variables including treat ratio, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and thiourea concentration in the recovery process. The results showed that the most stable emulsion was observed at 3% w/v of surfactant, 10,000 and 150 rpm of homogenizer and agitation speed, respectively. The optimum conditions obtained for the recovery process using RSM were: treat ratio (0.256), H2SO4 concentration (0.75 M) and thiourea concentration (0.85 M). At the optimized condition, the maximum recovery of ionized nanosilver was 84.74%.

Simultaneous extraction and enrichment of reactive dye using green emulsion liquid membrane system

ABSTRACT Currently, an extractive green palm oil-based emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) has been used for simultaneous extraction and enrichment of Reactive Red 3BS from simulated synthetic dye wastewater. The ELM consists of two main phases, which are organic liquid membrane (LM) and stripping solution. During the extraction process, the ELM was dispersed into the simulated synthetic dye wastewater containing the Reactive Red 3BS complexes. The organic LM contains tridodecylamine (TDA), Sorbitan Monooleate (Span 80) and palm oil as a carrier, surfactant and diluent, respectively. The sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was used as stripping solution for the enrichment process. Several important parameters that affected the simultaneous extraction and enrichment of Reactive Red 3BS, such as carrier and stripping agent concentrations, extraction time and treat ratio, were investigated. The results showed that almost 90% of Reactive Red 3BS ions were successfully extracted with 10 times enrichment in the stripping phase at the optimum conditions of 0.2 M TDA, 0.1 M NaHCO3, 5 min of extraction time and 1:5 of treat ratio. Hence, it can be concluded that palm oil possesses a high potential as green diluent in future technology, especially in ELM process for the removal and recovery of Reactive Red 3BS from synthetic dye wastewater.