Nyeon Jun Kim

Effects of muscle activity and number of resistance exercise repetitions on perceived exertion in tonic and phasic muscle of young Korean adults.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the effects of muscle activity and the number of resistance exercise repetitions on perceived exertion in tonic and phasic muscles in young Korean adults. [Subjects] Janda’s classification system was used to divide 40 Korean males and females in their 20s into a tonic muscle group (10 males, 10 females) and phasic muscle group (10 males, 10 females). [Methods] Each participant performed resistance exercise at 70% of maximum exertion for a single repetition. Muscle activity and number of repetitions were measured according to the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale, with fairly light, hard, and very hard rated as 11, 15, and 19, respectively. Multiple regression analysis was performed. [Results] As the number of tonic and phasic muscle repetitions for males and females and female phasic muscle activity increased, the perceived exertion increased. Perceived exertion increased as the number of tonic muscle repetitions and activity of gastrocnemius muscles in males and females and the hamstring in males increased. Increased activity of phasic muscles in males and females and rhomboid muscle activity in males was associated with significantly increased perceived exertion. [Conclusion] Muscle activity and number of repetitions affect perceived exertion. The perception of exertion differs by muscle type and can differ by gender. The influence of the number of repetitions exceeds that of muscle activity.

The Influence of Flip-flops Gait on the Muscle Activity of Tibilalis anterior and Gastrocnemius

The fact that flip-flops, one of many different types of unstable shoes, are light and relatively easy to put on, accounts for their popularity among people. But because flip-flops rely heavily on the support of a single thong between your first and second toes, they impose a huge amount of pressure onto lower leg. Thus in the following experiment we tried to examine the different effects of flip-flops and running shoes in terms of their effect on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius during walking. In order to measure an electromyogram we used Free EMG system. 10 men and 10 women in running shoes ran on treadmills for 15 minutes at 4.8km/h, 2 days later the same experiment was carried out, but this time, in flip-flops. p value turned out to be greater than .05 and thus there was no considerable difference between the effects of flip-flops and running shoes on muscle activity and fatigue during walking. Therefore we conclude that despite the fact that flip-flops are considered unstable, their effects on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius are negligible.

Effects of Lower Extremity Resistance Exercise Using Elastic Bands on Balance in Elderly People

Postural balance is an essential element for theperformance of purposeful activities such as posturalmaintenance or gait and it decreases with age(1).Balance is an ability to maintain the center of gravityon base of support; it is a dynamic phenomenonwhere stability and mobility is in harmony; it isessential for postural maintenance and controlledand coordinating movement(2). Such postural bal-ance ability decreases with age and triggers acci-dents like fall injuries in elderly people(3). Internalfactors related with fall injuries may be divided intophysical and psychological factors and physical fac-tors include muscle strength weakness of the lowerextremities, decreased gait ability, balance ability,grip strength, and sensory motor adjustment, andsensory decline like vision decline(4, 5).The weakening of muscle strength as a main ele-ment for balance and gait ability resulting fromaging has been reported as an important cause ofdisorder in elderly people(6). Muscle strength func-tion decreases about 25% after the age of 65, whichis a characteristic of degenerative diseases in theelderly and such muscle strength weakness resultsfrom decrease in the entire muscle fibers and the sizeof muscle fibers and degeneration in muscle contrac-tion and relaxation(7). Among others, decreasedmuscle strength of the lower extremities is a majoretiology of muscle function decrease(4). In elderlywomen, decrease in the muscle strength of the lowerextremities is fast compared to elderly men and suchdecreased muscle strength reduces balance, flexibili-ty, and gait ability(8). In the elderly who frequentlyundergo fall injuries, muscle strength of both kneesand ankles decreases; In particular, reduction of thecouple force in the dorsiflexor muscles of the anklejoint is considerable and muscle strength of the lowerextremities has been presented as a main factor forbalance adjustment(9). Lower limb muscle strength-ening exercise decreases the rate of fall injuries andimproves range of motion, flexibility, and balance ofthe lower limbs; A diversity of muscle strengtheningexercise has been applied to elderly people withreduced balance ability(10, 11, 12).Elastic band exercise has merits in that it involvesno spatial constraints and men and women of allages may perform it and it is widely applied inhomes, work sites, parks, and welfare service cen-ters. The exercise has drawn attention as an efficientexercise to reduce the risk of injuries from exerciseand to maximize improvement in physical strength

The Effects of Music during Balance Training for Six Weeks on Elderly Persons' Balancing Ability

【The purpose of the present study is to provide exercises, together with music, that are helpful for elderly peoples balancing ability, and to determine their effects in order to provide data for the promotion of elderly persons health. Thirty elderly persons were randomly assigned to a balance training group(BTG) of 15 subjects, or a music and balance training group (music therapy + balance training [MTBTG]) of 15 subjects; intervention was implemented three times per week for six weeks. To measure the changes in their balancing ability before and after the experiment, the limit of stability, the Timed Up and Go(TUG) test, and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were measured. Changes in the limit of stability before and after the experiment were shown to be significant in both the BTG and the MTBTG. Changes in the limit of stability of the right side before and after the experiment showed statistically significant differences between the BTG and the MTBTG. Changes in the TUG test and the BBS before and after the experiment were shown to be statistically significant in both the BTG and the MTBTG. The application of music during balance training thus is considered to have a positive effect on elderly persons balancing ability.】

The Effects of Maitland Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy on the Digestive System

Symptoms of digestive system diseases are verycommon in the general population(1). Researchersreported that some patients who visited digestiveclinics complained of dyspepsia with persistingsymptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and belch-ing, without any organic abnormality(2,3).Dyspepsia medically refers to continuous or repet-itive epigastric discomfort or epigastric pain limit-ed to the precordium and it is also explained as allsymptoms assumed to have occurred in the stom -ach or the duodenum(4). Dyspepsia is importantbecause it shows high prevalence rates of approx-imately 30~40% in sample population surveys andit is known to occur newly in at least approxi-mately 1% of the population every year. Therefore,it has been reported to have very large socioeco-nomic effects(5). Dyspepsia is a very common dis-ease with prevalence rates of 20~30% globally(6, 7).It has been reported that excessive secretion ofgastric acid, delays in digestive system move-ments, chronic gastritis, infection with Helico-bacter pylori, duodenitis, mental factors, such asemotions and stress, and genetic factors areinvolved in the pathological physiology of dyspep-sia(8). Among many causes of the disease reportedthus far, the decline of the gastric emptying func-tion due to the movement dysfunction of thedigestive system is regarded to be the mostimportant, and the degree of the causal relation-ship between dyspepsia and the gastric emptyingfunction has been reported to be approximately30~80%(9).

The Effect of Group Exercise Program on Cognitive Function of Elderly people

【The goal of this study was to assess the effect of a group exercise program on cognitive function of elderly people. Subjects were chosen to be elders with dementia having minor to moderate degrees of cognitive function. Study was started out by randomly dividing the 16 subjects into two groups, each with 8 people; the group exercise group and the control group. The group exercise group performed 8 weeks of group exercise program and general physiotherapy while the control group only performed general physiotherapy. Cognitive function was measured by Korean version mini-mental state examination. The study groups attention and calculation statistically significantly improved but the control group saw no statistically significant change. The group exercise program affected improvement in cognitive function of elderly people with dementia and in particular, was effective for enhancing their attention and calculation.】

The Effects of Proprioceptor Training and Vestibular Organ Training on Balance Ability of Adults

The purpose of this study was to analysis of the effect of proprioceptor training and vestibular organ training for balance ability. The subjects was consist of two different subjects group, proprioceptor training group and vestibular organ training group. Proprioceptor training group consisted of 10 subjects and vestibular organ training group consisted of 10 subjects. Training was performed 3 times per week, 30 minutes per day, for 3 weeks. Balance ability analysis was performed using Rombergs one leg standing test and BT4 when opened eyes and closed eyes. The analysis results were as follows. There was no significant differences in balance after the training in both groups when they opened their eyes(p

The Effects of Balance Exercise on an Unstable Platform and a Stable Platform on Static Balance

Balance is essential in performing all activities ofdaily living and is an ability to maintain the body inan equilibrium state(1). Ability to control posturalbalance is to maintain the center of gravity(COG) ona platform with minimal postural sway, when stand -ing in a fixed place, moving voluntarily, or respond -ing to force exerted from outside(1, 2). Ability tomaintain balance or recover disturbed balance duringordinary life is related to diverse sensory functions,motor functions, cognitive functions, and psychoso -cial functions, and environmental elements(3, 4).When moving the body on a flat ground and movingon a narrow beam, dynamically different posturalcontrol strategies are used. In addition, when the useof ankle joint strategy is decreased according to thedegree of center of body mass movement, use of thehip joint strategy increases, and when the use of hipjoint strategy is reduced, use of the ankle joint strat-egy rises, which is called a changeable postural con -trol strategy(5). Jandas sensorimotor training developed from anintervention approach to chronic musculoskeletalpain syndrome emphasized the importance of appro -priate functional adjustment of the sensory motorarea, coordinative movement, joint stability, and pro -prioception in exercise pattern balance(6). Proprio-ception is an ability to change muscular contractionthrough immediate response to force exerted fromoutside and play an important role in reducing func -tional instability and redamage. Recovery of proprio -ception in treatment intervention is an important ele -ment in treatment process(7). Sensorimotor traininghas been used as rehabilitation for damage to theankle joints and postural deficits, and previousresearch reported its preventive effect of ankle andknee joint damage. Recently, sensorimotor exercisehas been applied to motor performance as well asrehabilitation and prevention(8-11).

Influences of Chronic Shoulder Pain on Muscle Tone Changes in Trunk Muscles

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of chronic shoulder pain on the muscle tone in trunk muscles. The study``s subjects were 40 men and women in their 30 to 50s, which were divided into two groups. A chronic shoulder pain group consisted of 20 subjects who had been diagnosed with chronic shoulder pain by doctors, and a painless group consisted of 20 subjects who had experienced no such pain. An analysis was performed using electromyography on the muscle tone in the rectus abdominalis, external oblique, internal oblique, and erector spinae muscles under the same conditions between the two groups. The analysis results were as follows. The chronic shoulder pain group exhibited an overall high level of trunk muscle tone than the painless group, along with a statistically significant difference in the rectus abdominalis(p<.05). Moreover, the chronic shoulder pain group showed differences in the trunk muscle tone depending on the affected side. The chronic left shoulder pain group yielded higher levels of muscle tone in the right-side trunk muscles. In particular, the group revealed statistically significant differences in the rectus abdominalis and internal oblique(p<.05). The chronic right shoulder pain group exhibited higher levels of muscle tone in the left-side trunk muscles with a statistically significant difference in the internal oblique(p<.05). The above results suggested that chronic shoulder pain influences increases in the muscle tone in the trunk muscles on the opposite side to the affected shoulder.

The Effects of Interferential Current Therapy on Functional Dyspepsia

Symptoms in gastro-intestinal tract are very com -mon in general public(1). Majority of patients whovisit gastro-intestinal clinic complain diseases relat-ed to functional dyspepsia with continuous symp -toms such as epigastralgia, nausea, vomiting, andbelching without organic abnormalities(2, 3). Thesignificance of functional dyspepsia was found invarious aspects including its high prevalence rate ofabout 30~40% revealed in sample population surveysand new annual occurrence from over approximately1% of population, and was reported as a big influenc -ing factor on socio-economy(4). Functional dyspep -sia, that has 20~30% of global prevalence rate, is avery common symptom(5, 6) and its prevalence ratewas revealed as 15.4% from the study on non-ulcer-ative dyspepsia in Korea(7). A study on the distribu -tion of functional diseases in gastro-intestinal tractbased on the patients visiting the primary and terti-ary medical centers has reported that functionaldyspepsia has the highest incidence rate of 39.4%among other disease(8) and another study on typesof the functional dyspepsia in Korea has reportedthat the frequency of the occurrence of the motilitydyspepsia was significantly higher than that of othertypes of the functional dyspepsia(9).Functional dyspepsia do not mean histopathologicaland biochemical organic lesions but mean functionaldigestive disorders(5, 10), it has been known thatvarious emotional and genetic factors includinghypergastric acidity, delays in motility of gastro-intestinal tract, chronic gastritis, infection ofHelicobacter pylori, duodenitis, emotions and stresswere related to the pathophysiology of the functionaldyspepsia(11). Hypofunction caused by abnormal