Odd Carsten Koldsland

Prevalence of Peri‐Implantitis Related to Severity of the Disease With Different Degrees of Bone Loss

BACKGROUND Several measurements are combined to diagnose peri-implant disease, and different thresholds are used to describe the disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of peri-implant disease and to apply different diagnostic thresholds to assess its prevalence in relation to severities of peri-implantitis with different degrees of bone loss. METHODS A total of 164 subjects with dental implants inserted at the Institute of Clinical Odontology, University of Oslo, between 1990 and 2005, were invited to join the project, and 109 subjects attended the examination (mean age: 43.8 years; range: 18 to 80 years). The mean functional loading time was 8.4 years (SD: 4.6 years). The participants were examined clinically and radiographically. The following aspects of disease were assessed to describe the peri-implant condition: detectable radiographic peri-implant bone loss and inflammation, the presence of bleeding on probing at a probing depth >or=4 or >or=6 mm, and radiographic peri-implant bone loss assessed at >or=2.0 and >or=3.0 mm. RESULTS Assessing peri-implantitis at different levels of severity yielded a substantial variance in prevalence (11.3% to 47.1%) in the present study population. CONCLUSION Peri-implant inflammation was a frequent finding with and without peri-implant bone loss.

The association between selected risk indicators and severity of peri-implantitis using mixed model analyses.

AIM The aim of the study was to assess possible risk indicators for peri-implantitis at different levels of severity using multi-level analyses. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and nine subjects attended the examination, 69 females and 40 males. Mean time of implants in function was 8.4 years (standard deviation 4.6) (subject level). The participants were examined clinically and radiographically. Information regarding general health and habits was gathered, with special emphasis on smoking, oral hygiene and susceptibility to periodontitis. The relation between possible risk indicators and the following features were assessed: • Detectable peri-implantitis: detectable radiographic bone loss (>0.4 mm) and inflammation • Overt peri-implantitis: radiographic peri-implant bone loss 2.0 mm and bleeding on probing /suppuration at pocket probing depth 4 mm. RESULTS Multi-level statistical analyses identified location in the maxilla as risk indicator for detectable peri-implantitis. Regarding overt peri-implantitis, gender (male) and history of periodontitis were identified as risk indicators. CONCLUSION Individuals with a history of periodontitis were prone to peri-implantitis, peri-implant bone loss ≥ 2.0 mm and overt in the present study. No association was found between smoking and peri-implant disease in the present study population.

Prevalence of Implant Loss and the Influence of Associated Factors

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to assess the outcome of dental implants inserted at the Institute of Clinical Odontology, University of Oslo, between 1990 and 2005. The prevalence of implant loss and the factors associated with the outcome were studied. METHODS A total of 164 subjects were invited to participate in this cross-sectional project, of whom 55 were unable, leaving 109 volunteers available for examination. The study population included 69 females and 40 males with a mean age of 43.8 years at the time of implant insertion (range, 18 to 80 years). At the subject level, the mean time from implant loading to the present examination was 8.4 years (range, 1.1 to 16.0 years). The participants were examined clinically and radiographically and interviewed regarding general health and habits. RESULTS The 109 examined subjects had been treated with 374 implants. Eighteen implants (4.8%) were lost in 10 subjects (9.2%). Eleven implants were lost before loading, three were lost during the first 5 years after loading, and four were lost 5 to 10 years after loading. No implants were lost after >10 years of loading. The loss of oral implants was significantly associated with a history of smoking and periodontitis (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The inserted implants showed a high survival rate, especially after the first year of insertion, even though the subjects were not maintained by specialists. All late implant losses were preceded by an early loss. Implant loss was significantly associated with smoking and periodontitis.

The plaque- and gingivitis-inhibiting capacity of a commercially available essential oil product. A parallel, split-mouth, single blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study

Abstract Background. Studies have reported commercially available essential oils with convincing plaque and gingivitis preventing properties. However, no tests have compared these essential oils, i.e. Listerine®, against their true vehicle controls. Objective. To compare the plaque and gingivitis inhibiting effect of a commercially-available essential oil (Listerine® Total Care) to a negative (22% hydro-alcohol solution) and a positive (0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX)) control in an experimental gingivitis model. Materials and methods. In three groups of 15 healthy volunteers, experimental gingivitis was induced and monitored over 21 days, simultaneously treated with Listerine® Total Care (test), 22% hydro-alcohol solution (negative control) and 0.2% chlorhexidine solution (positive control), respectively. The upper right quadrant of each individual received mouthwash only, whereas the upper left quadrant was subject to both rinses and mechanical oral hygiene. Plaque, gingivitis and side-effects were assessed at day 7, 14 and 21. Results. After 21 days, the chlorhexidine group showed significantly lower average plaque and gingivitis scores than the Listerine® and alcohol groups, whereas there was little difference between the two latter. Conclusion. Listerine® Total Care had no statistically significant effect on plaque formation as compared to its vehicle control.

EMD in periodontal regenerative surgery modulates cytokine profiles: A randomised controlled clinical trial.

The enamel matrix derivative (EMD) contains hundreds of peptides in different levels of proteolytic processing that may provide a range of biological effects of importance in wound healing. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of EMD and its fractions on the cytokine profiles from human gingival fibroblasts in vitro and in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in a randomized controlled split-mouth clinical study (n = 12). Levels of cytokines in cell culture medium and in GCF were measured by Luminex over a 2-week period. In the clinical study, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were increased, whereas the levels of transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) were reduced. The in vitro study showed that EMD and its high and low molecular weight fractions reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines compared to untreated cells. EMD had an effect on levels of cytokines related to fibroplasia, angiogenesis, inflammation and chemotaxis both in vitro and in vivo, however, the anti-inflammatory effect induced by EMD observed in the in vitro study could not be confirmed clinically.

The plaque and gingivitis inhibiting capacity of a commercially available mouthwash containing essential oils and ethyl lauroyl arginate. A randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective: A commercially available mouth rinse with ethyl lauroyl arginate and essential oils claims to have better antimicrobial properties than the traditional essential oil products. The aim of this study was to compare the plaque and gingivitis inhibiting effect of the commercial product containing essential oils with ethyl lauroyl arginate with one placebo and one negative control in a modified experimental gingivitis model. Materials and methods: In three groups of healthy volunteers, experimental gingivitis was induced and monitored over 21 d, simultaneously treated with the commercial test solution, 21.6% hydro-alcohol solution and sterile water, respectively. The maxillary right quadrant of each individual received mouthwash only, whereas the maxillary left quadrant was subject to both rinsing and mechanical oral hygiene. Compliance and side effects were monitored at d 7, 14, and 21. Plaque and gingivitis scores were obtained at baseline and d 21. Results and conclusion: Although the commercial product containing essential oils with ethyl lauroyl arginate performed statistically significantly better regarding average plaque scores on all surfaces combined than the placebo (p = .018) and negative control (p = .003) when no mechanical tooth cleaning was performed, the product still left the patient with enough plaque to cause gingivitis and thus seemed of questionable clinical benefit to the patient. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier is NCT02884817.