Ody Rodriguez

Composição inorgânica das fôlhas de laranjeira baianinha, com referência à época de amostragem e adubação química

O presente trabalho representa a primeira contribuicao ao estudo da diagnose foliar dos citros, para as nossas condicoes. Sao estudadas as variacoes nos teores de nitrogenio, fosforo, potassio, calcio e magnesio nas folhas de laranjeira baianinha enxertada sobre cavalo de laranja caipira (Citrus sinensis, Osbeck), de um experimento de adubacao iniciado em 1947 na Estacao Experimental de Limeira, do Instituto Agronomico, e apresentadas as tendencias das curvas de concentracao para esses elementos. Alem disso, o estudo em apreco teve por objetivo verificar os efeitos da adubacao nitrogenada, fosfatada e potassica sobre o nivel daqueles constituintes, nas folhas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a composicao quimica das folhas foi sensivelmente modificada com a idade das mesmas e pela adubacao.The results reported herein represent the first step in diagnosing the nutrient status of citrus trees by means of foliar analysis, for the average conditions of the State of Sao Paulo. A study was made concerning the seasonal variation in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels of spring-cycle Baianinha orange leaves. The trees were budded on sweet orange rootstock (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) in a foctorial fertilizer experiment started in 1947. The mineral composition changed with the age of leaves. Generally the N, P, K, and Mg contents decreased, while Ca increased fast in the young leaves and remained without great variation until the end of the cycle. Leaves 3 to 6 and 10 months old are suitable for sampling if referred to respective standards. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels in leaves increased linearly with fertilizer application, while potassium increases were due only to o single dosis. Application of fertilizer containing nitrogen shows o tendency to reduce the levels of P and K, and to increase Mg in the leaves. The simple superphosphate applied decreased the levels of N and K, and increased Ca in the leoves. There was a decline in Ca and Mg contents of leaves with potassium fertilizer application. The following negative correlations between leaf nutrients were found to be significant: 1) nitrogen and phosphorus; 2) nitrogen and calcium; 3) potassium and calcium; 4) potassium and magnesium.

Influência da variedade e do porta-enxêrto, na composição mineral das fôlhas de citros

The influence of five different combinations scion-rootstock for two scion varieties on the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in citrus leaves is reported. Leaves from fruiting shoots of two spring flushes were taken from Baianinha and Pera oranges trees (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) on two experimental orchards located in the Experiment Station of Limeira, State of Sao Paulo. The rootstocks On which they are budded and used for this study were: Pera orange, and sweet orange (C. sinensis Osb.), Rangour lime (C. reticulata Blanco X C- aurantifolia Swing (?)), rough lemon (C. limon Burm. f. X (?)), and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco). In the spring of 1957 when the leaf sampling was started the trees on sweet orange, Rangpur lime and rough lemon rootstocks were 21 years old and those an Pera and mandarin rootstocks 7 years old, but only plants of the same age were compared. Fertilization was uniform in all plots and the soil apparently very uniform. Confidence limits for the mean results of inorganic composition of leaves 3 to 6 months old of two flushes are presented. Seasonal changes in nutrient composition of leaves ore olso shown. The leaves of both scion varieties differed in their principal mineral constituents. The major difference was found in the potassium content. Leaves of Baianinha orange trees contained relatively more potassium than Pera orange leaves. The composition of leaves changed according to the rootstock species. Differences in potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels in leaves of the some scion variety were found to be significant when Pera orange and Cleopatra mandarin were the rootstocks. Variations in the composition of scion leaves in the older combinations could be associated with virus disease tolerance and longevity of species. In view of the results obtained, other factors such as virus diseases, longevity, etc. besides varietal effects and selectivity of rootstocks to absorb nutrients, must be taken into account in attempting to associate the results of foliar analysis with fertilizer utilization by citrus trees.

Levantamento do estado nutricional de pomares cítricos de São Paulo pela análise foliar

O trabalho relata o estudo da composicao em nutrientes das folhas de laranjeiras de 40 pomares localizados em diferentes zonas citricolas do Estado de Sao Paulo, com a finalidade de obter elementos quanto ao indice geral de nutricao, nas diversas areas de producao. Simultaneamente com as amostras de folhas, foram colhidas observacoes quanto, ao tipo de solo, adubacao, variedade, porta-enxerto, producao, pulverizacoes, aspecto (vigor, sintomas de desnutricao, molestias etc.). Amostras de solo de cada pomar foram tambem colhidas como referencia. As seguintes determinacoes foram efetuadas para fins de levantamento da composicao das folhas em elementos minerais: N. P, K. Ca, Mg, S. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zu, B e Mo. Os indices apresentados podem ser considerados fundamentais, sujeitos, entretanto, a modificacoes, desde que estudos mais detalhados sejam conduzidos. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam uma amplitude de variacao bastante larga na concentracao de qualquer elemento. Os teores mais baixos de nitrogenio, fosforo, potassio, iriaguesio, zinco e manganes obtidos corresponderam a deficiencias desses nutrientes. Em apenas um pomar foi registrada deficiencia de boro. 0s pomares com teores mais baixos de molibdenio deverao ser objeto de estudos particulares, com referencia a este elemento. Em nenhum caso os (lados mostraram deficiencias de calcio, enxofre, ferro e cobre.

Variações anuais na produção de frutos e concentração de macronutrientes em folhas de citros, relacionadas ao balanço hídrico meteorológico e adubação, no período de 1957 a 1975

These are the results of annual variation of production and composition of 6-7 months-old leaves from a fertilizer experiment of a scion-rootstock combination of Navel orange on sweet orange. The experiment was planted in 1947 on Ortho Dark Red Latosol transition to Textural B Terra Roxa Soil in Cordeiropolis, State of Sao Paulo. During the 19 years the levels of NPK utilized per plant in a factorial experiment were 0, 250, and 500 g of N; 0, 200, and 400 g of P2O5 and 0, 150, and 300 g of K2O as sodium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride respectively. Starting 1970 nitrogen was furnished as ammonium sulphate instead of sodium nitrate. Water balance was calculated by the method of Thornthwaite & Mather every two months and these data were correlated with the fruit production and leaf analysis. The effects of fertilization on yield were evaluated. Various correlations among nutrient levels in the leaves and between nutrient concentrations and fruit production were established. The results showed that there was no correlation between water balance (excess or deficiency) and production and slight correlation between water balance and percentage of nutrients in leaves. This indicates that under the conditions of the experiment supplementary water supplied by irrigation would not affect the production. Both nitrogen and potassium fertilization increased the production, while phosphorus had small and less frequent effect. A positive N x P interaction on production was observed in several years. Leaf analysis showed positive correlation between N and Mg, P and K, P and Ca, P and Mg. Negative correlation was observed between N and P, N and K, N and Ca, K and Ca, K and Mg. The average annual leaf percentage variation was from 2.20% to 2.81% for N, 0.086% to 0.158% for P; 0.82% to 1.74% for K; 2.37% to 4.76% for Ca and 0.19% to 0.37% for Mg. The responses to fertilization can be explained by the increase in the percentage of N, K and Ca (from superphosphate) in leaves and positive correlation between these elements and production. It was accepted that contents of 2.61% of N, 0.122% of P, 1.56% of K, and 4.20% of Ca in the leaves, corresponding to the higher fertilization level, represent adequate nutritional status.

Correlação entre composição das fôlhas e produção, e tamanho de frutos, em laranjeira baianinha

Orange yields and the size of the fruits harvested in the years 1961 to 1964 were related with the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in six-month old leaves collected each year in a long-term experimental orchard with Baianinha orange trees (Citrus sinensis,Osbeck), at the Citrus Experiment Station of Limeira, State of Sao Paulo. The trees were budded on sweet orange rootstock (C. sinensis,Osb.) in a factorial experiment NPK 3X3X3 started in 1951. The average weight or size of the fruit was calculated from the weight record and the total number of fruits from each plot or treatment. The influence of applied fertilizers on foliage composition and tree response (production, fruit size) was also reported. Analysis of variance of the data obtained revealed several differences due to the fertilizer treatments to be significant, as can be seen in table 1. The following correlations were found to be significant: 1. Leaf nitrogen with yields (weights), r = 0.35**. 2. Leaf nitrogen with number of fruits, r = 0.40**. 3. Leaf nitrogen with fruit sizes (average weights), r = - 0.36**. 4. Leaf potassium with fruit sizes (average weights), r = 0.52**. 5. Leaf calcium with fruit yields (weights), r = 0.51**. Leaf phosphorus was not significantly correlated with yields (weights), number of fruits, or fruit sizes.

Efeitos de algumas práticas de cultivo do solo, na nutrição mineral dos citros

The influence of several soil management systems on the mineral nutrition and production of citrus trees was studied. This study was mode in an experimental orchard installed in 1949 with Hamlin orange on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). Differential treatments were started in 1953. Since 1956 all plots received uniform fertilizer applications and liming. The cultural treatments employed are as follows: clean cultivation with herbicide; clean cultivation plus a cover crop of velvet bean (Stizolobium aterrimum Pip. & Trac.) planted in the spring and cut down in the fall; clean cultivation plus a cover crop of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) planted in the spring and cut down in the fall; molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora Beauv.) mulch; and superficial soil plowing. Leaf samples of the spring cycle were collected from each treatment at regular intervals, from October, 1957 to March, 1959, and analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn. The seasonal variations in mineral composition of the leaves were studied in relation to the crop harvest in 1958. Grass-mulched plots showed low level of nitrogen in the leaves in comparison with those which did not receive this treatment. Therefore, extra nitrogen fertilizer may be required to prevent competition for nitrogen due to mulching practices in citrus orchards. Mulched plots produced the highest yields every year, followed by clean cultivation plus cover crop of velvet bean, while clean-cultivated plots produced the lowest. Orange yields and leaf phosphorus levels showed similar trends. From this evidence it seems reasonable a preference for cultural practices which enable the trees to accumulate phosphorus. Mulch and lime as dolomitic limestone used together increased calcium and magnesium absorption by trees, so decreasing the probability of a magnesium deficiency os a result of the large amount of potassium made available by the mulch decomposition. I ron and manganese absorption by trees decreased in the mulched plots. The low levels of leaf iron were quite consistent in this treatment throughout the seasons. Clean cultivation plus a cover crop of velvet bean seems to be a promising cultural practice for citrus, regarding the increased orange yields and the low cost of its installation. The economics use of mulch, assuming the amount of grass required, is limited to the cost in obtaining mulching material.

Efeitos do 2,4-D, em laranjeira baianinha

The reaction of the Baianinha orange (Citrus sinensis Osb.), a Brazilian hud sport of the Washington Navel, to applications of 2,4-D was studied at the Limeira Agr. Exp. Sta., Sao Paulo. All concentrations of this hormonial herbicide used in the tests induced some modifications of the normal characteristics of the plants when compared with the controls. The leaves, flowers, and fruits were the plant parts most affected by the treatments. Some of the morphological changes induced on the fruits tend to confirm the view that the Baia orange originated as a mutation from the Seleta variety. Data obtained on the yield, weight per fruit, and fruit drop indicate that application of 2,4-D on the Baianinha orange is not advisable under the conditions of the present experiment.

Physical and chemical characteristics of murcott (Citrus reticulata Blanco x Citrus sinensis Osbeck) on five rootstocks

). O tangor-murcote (Citrus reticulata Blanco x Citrus sinensis Osbeck) tem despertado grande interesse na citricultura paulista, por ser de maturacao tardia, de julho a outubro. Produz frutos de boa qualidade, tanto para o consumo ao natural como para industrializacao. E conhecida a influencia que alguns porta-enxertos exercem sobre as caracteristicas fisico-quimicas das frutas da variedade-en-xerto (). O tangor-murcote (Citrus reticulata Blanco x Citrus sinensis Osbeck) tem despertado grande interesse na citricultura paulista, por ser de maturacao tardia, de julho a outubro. Produz frutos de boa qualidade, tanto para o consumo ao natural como para industrializacao. E conhecida a influencia que alguns porta-enxertos exercem sobre as caracteristicas fisico-quimicas das frutas da variedade-en-xerto (

Reação de laranjeiras Natal à aplicação de adubos minerais e orgânicos nas covas de plantio

Em solo Podzolico Vermelho Amarelo orto, da Estacao Experimental de Mococa, foram estudados os efeitos de adubos orgânicos - torta de mamona, esterco de curral e esterco de aves - comparados com adubacao mineral NP e NPK, todos aplicados em tres doses, no desenvolvimento de laranjeiras. Medicoes efetuadas nos caules, a 10 cm acima do ponto de enxertia, no fim de cada estacao do ano, revelaram efeitos positivos das adubacoes minerais com nitrogenio e fosforo, no desenvolvimento das plantas. A inclusao de potassio nao provocou efeitos beneficos, sendo ate prejudicial, confirmando resultados de trabalhos anteriores. Os adubos orgânicos nao diferiram em seus efeitos e apresentaram melhor resultado quando aplicados na dose intermediaria. Seu efeito foi, entretanto, inferior ao dos adubos minerais. O experimento permitiu verificar melhor desenvolvimento em plantas provenientes de mudas que possuiam originalmente 14 mm de diâmetro no viveiro, em comparacao com as que possuiam 12 e 13 mm.

Inorganic composition of baianinha orange leaves as referred to sampling dates and fertilizer practices

O presente trabalho representa a primeira contribuicao ao estudo da diagnose foliar dos citros, para as nossas condicoes. Sao estudadas as variacoes nos teores de nitrogenio, fosforo, potassio, calcio e magnesio nas folhas de laranjeira baianinha enxertada sobre cavalo de laranja caipira (Citrus sinensis, Osbeck), de um experimento de adubacao iniciado em 1947 na Estacao Experimental de Limeira, do Instituto Agronomico, e apresentadas as tendencias das curvas de concentracao para esses elementos. Alem disso, o estudo em apreco teve por objetivo verificar os efeitos da adubacao nitrogenada, fosfatada e potassica sobre o nivel daqueles constituintes, nas folhas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a composicao quimica das folhas foi sensivelmente modificada com a idade das mesmas e pela adubacao.The results reported herein represent the first step in diagnosing the nutrient status of citrus trees by means of foliar analysis, for the average conditions of the State of Sao Paulo. A study was made concerning the seasonal variation in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium levels of spring-cycle Baianinha orange leaves. The trees were budded on sweet orange rootstock (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) in a foctorial fertilizer experiment started in 1947. The mineral composition changed with the age of leaves. Generally the N, P, K, and Mg contents decreased, while Ca increased fast in the young leaves and remained without great variation until the end of the cycle. Leaves 3 to 6 and 10 months old are suitable for sampling if referred to respective standards. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels in leaves increased linearly with fertilizer application, while potassium increases were due only to o single dosis. Application of fertilizer containing nitrogen shows o tendency to reduce the levels of P and K, and to increase Mg in the leaves. The simple superphosphate applied decreased the levels of N and K, and increased Ca in the leoves. There was a decline in Ca and Mg contents of leaves with potassium fertilizer application. The following negative correlations between leaf nutrients were found to be significant: 1) nitrogen and phosphorus; 2) nitrogen and calcium; 3) potassium and calcium; 4) potassium and magnesium.