Orlando Francisco Amodeo Bueno

Exercício físico e função cognitiva: uma revisão

RESUMO O exercicio e o treinamento fisico sao conhecidos por promover diversas alteracoes, incluindo beneficios cardiorrespiratorios, aumento da densidade mineral ossea e diminuicao do risco de doencas cronico-degenerativas. Recentemente outro aspecto tem ganhando notoriedade: trata-se da melhoria na funcao cognitiva. Embora haja grande controversia, diversos estudos tem demonstrado que o exercicio fisico melhora e protege a funcao cerebral, sugerindo que pessoas fisicamente ativas apresentam menor risco de serem acometidas por desordens mentais em relacao as sedentarias. Isso mostra que a participacao em programas de exercicios fisicos exercem beneficios nas esferas fisica e psicologica e que, provavelmente, individuos fisicamente ativos possuem um processamento cognitivo mais rapido. Embora os beneficios cognitivos do estilo de vida fisicamente ativo parecam estar relacionados ao nivel de atividade fisica regular, ou seja, exercicio realizado durante toda a vida, sugerindo uma “reserva cognitiva”, nunca e tarde para se iniciar um programa de exercicios fisicos. Dessa forma, o uso do exercicio fisico como alternativa para melhorar a funcao cognitiva parece ser um objetivo a ser alcancado, principalmente em virtude da sua aplicabilidade, pois se trata de um metodo relativamente barato, que pode ser direcionado a grande parte da populacao. Assim, o objetivo da presente revisao e o de discutir os aspectos associativos entre exercicio fisico e funcao cognitiva, permitindo uma ponderacao entre o seu uso enquanto alternativa e elemento coadjuvante.

Validation of the Brazilian Children's Test of Pseudoword Repetition in Portuguese speakers aged 4 to 10 years.

The phonological loop is a component of the working memory system specifically involved in the processing and manipulation of limited amounts of information of a sound-based phonological nature. Phonological memory can be assessed by the Childrens Test of Nonword Repetition (CNRep) in English speakers but not in Portuguese speakers due to phonotactic differences between the two languages. The objectives of the present study were: 1). to develop the Brazilian Childrens Test of Pseudoword Repetition (BCPR), a Portuguese version of the CNRep, and 2). to validate the BCPR by correlation with the Auditory Digit Span Test from the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. The BCPR and Digit Span were assessed in 182 children aged 4-10 years, 84 from Minas Gerais State (42 from a rural region) and 98 from the city of S o Paulo. There are subject age and word length effects causing repetition accuracy to decline as a function of the number of syllables of the pseudowords. Correlations between BCPR and Digit Span forward (r = 0.50; P <or= 0.01) and backward (r = 0.43; P <or= 0.01) were found, and partial correlation indicated that higher BCPR scores were associated with higher Digit Span scores. BCPR appears to depend more on schooling, while Digit Span was more related to development. The results demonstrate that the BCPR is a reliable measure of phonological working memory, similar to the CNRep.

Recognition memory for emotional pictures in Alzheimer's patients

Objective– The purpose of the present study was to examine whether Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients can benefit from the emotional content of visual stimuli in a picture recognition test. Method– Sixteen patients with AD and 19 normal controls matched for age and years of education, were studied. Sixteen pictures (with varying emotional contents) were presented to each participant. Thirty minutes later, a recognition test was applied with the target‐pictures mixed among 34 others of similar content. The subjects were instructed to rate them as pleasant, unpleasant or indifferent. Results– The total of pictures correctly recognized by the AD patients (75.4% of the target‐pictures) was smaller than that of the controls (96.4%). Controls recognized more emotional pictures than indifferent pictures. Conclusions– Emotional content enhanced recognition of pictures in normal subjects, whereas for the Alzheimer’s subjects the emotional significance attached to the pictures was of no benefit to enhance recognition.

Comparison of Brazilian and American norms for the International Affective Picture System (IAPS)

OBJECTIVE The present article compares Brazilian and American norms for the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), a set of normative emotional photographic slides for experimental investigations. METHODS Subjects were 1,062 Brazilian university students (364 men and 698 women) who rated 707 pictures from the IAPS in terms of pleasure, arousal, and dominance following the methodology of the original normative study in the US, enabling direct comparison of data from the two samples through Pearson product moment correlation and Student t test. RESULTS All correlations were highly significant with the highest level for the pleasure dimension, followed by dominance and arousal. However, contrary to the American normative values, our data showed that Brazilian subjects generally assigned higher arousal ratings overall. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm that this set of stimuli can be used in Brazil as an affective rating tool due to the high correlations found across the two populations, despite differences on the arousal dimension, which are discussed in detail.

Disorders in planning and strategy application in frontal lobe lesion patients

The aim of this study was to investigate deficits in planning ability using an adapted version of the Modified Six Elements Test, from the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome-BADS [Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P. W., Emslie, H., & Evans, J. J. (1996). Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS). Bury St Edmunds, U.K.: Thames Valley Test Company. Trans. Ricardo O Souza, Sergio L Schmidt. Rio de Janeiro: Cognição]. Subjects were left- and right-frontal lobe lesion patients. Other measures of executive dysfunctions used were verbal fluency, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Trail Making Test. These other instruments were sensitive to detect executive deficits in the left frontal lobe lesion group, except the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which showed impairment only for the frontal lobe lesion group as a whole. The Modified Six Elements Test detected planning disorders in left frontal lobe lesion patients. The deficit of these patients was due to a greater likelihood to break the rules of the task, that is, in plan-following processes, rather than in planning the strategic approach to solve it.

A set of 400 pictures standardised for Portuguese: norms for name agreement, familiarity and visual complexity for children and adults

The present article provides normative measures for 400 pictured objects (Cycowicz et al., 1997) viewed by Portuguese speaking Brazilian University students and 5-7 year-old children. Name agreement, familiarity and visual complexity ratings were obtained. These variables have been shown to be important for the selection of adequate stimuli for cognitive studies. Childrens name agreement was lower than that of adults. The children also failed to provide adequate modal names for 103 concepts, rated drawings as less familiar and less complex, and chose shorter names for pictures. The differences in ratings between adults and children were higher than those observed in the literature employing smaller picture sets. The pattern of correlations among measures observed in the present study was consistent with previous reports, supporting the usefulness of the 400 picture set as a tool for cognitive research in different cultures and ages.

IAPS includes photographs that elicit low-arousal physiological responses in healthy volunteers.

This article describes pleasant IAPS pictures that elicit low-arousal rather than the high-arousal physiological responses previously reported in the literature. Thirty-two International Affective Picture System (IAPS) photographs were grouped into 4 sets of 8 photographs: highly pleasant-arousing (sexual content and adventures), highly pleasant-relaxing pictures (landscapes, flowers or babies), neutral on both valence/arousal, and highly unpleasant-arousing ones. These stimuli were shown to 24 healthy Brazilian University students (12 males) who had their physiological responses recorded [corrugator and zygomatic facial electromyography activity, skin conductance, heart rate, and peripheral temperature]. Zygomatic EMG differentiated low-arousal pleasant photographs from high-arousal pleasant stimuli of the same valence.

Rats with dorsal hippocampal lesions do react to new stimuli but not to spatial changes of known stimuli

The effect of visual distracting stimuli upon the straight alleyway performance of dorsal hippocampectomized Wistar rats was investigated. In comparison with control animals it was observed that dorsal hippocampectomized animals (1) ambulated more during the preexposure phase, (2) acquired at the same rate a running response for food (training phase), (3) reacted similarly to a new visual stimulus (black cards) presented in a sector of the alleyway, and (4) habituated to successive presentations of that stimulus in the same place. (5) However, dorsal hippocampectomized rats did not react, unlike the controls, to the presentation of the same stimulus in another place of the alleyway but (6) reacted to the visual pattern change of the stimulus (now black/white check cards) in the same place. These results indicate that under certain experimental conditions, hippocampus-lesioned animals are capable of interrupting a running response for food in order to explore a new conspicuously located stimulus, habituate to repeated presentations of that stimulus, and to react to a new pattern of visual stimulation. They suggest that hippocampectomized rats do not lose the capacity to react to a new stimulus; the disruption seems to be related to the spatial context of stimulus presentation, supporting a spatial mapping hypothesis of hippocampal function.

Envelhecimento: um processo multifatorial

Common sense designates the psychologist the most proficient professional to work with sexuality. Rarely, though, we are Ageing is a process of the normal development involving structural, functional and chemical neurobiological changes. The organism is affected also by environmental, cultural and social factors, as quality and style of life, diet, idleness, exercise, which are closely linked to healthy or pathological ageing. The objective of this theoretical paper is to stress some important issues about healthy and pathological ageing, based on recent research in neuroscience, which hallmarks the necessity of early diagnosis and intervention. In conclusion, growing older does not necessarily mean to get ill. Preventive measures can maintain the elder in healthy conditions for long, both in the physical and the cognitive domains and keeping his/her autonomy in life. However, in the presence of some dysfunction, early diagnosis and intervention can provide better quality of life for the patient and his/her family.Common sense designates the psychologist the most proficient professional to work with sexuality. Rarely, though, we are Ageing is a process of the normal development involving structural, functional and chemical neurobiological changes. The organism is affected also by environmental, cultural and social factors, as quality and style of life, diet, idleness, exercise, which are closely linked to healthy or pathological ageing. The objective of this theoretical paper is to stress some important issues about healthy and pathological ageing, based on recent research in neuroscience, which hallmarks the necessity of early diagnosis and intervention. In conclusion, growing older does not necessarily mean to get ill. Preventive measures can maintain the elder in healthy conditions for long, both in the physical and the cognitive domains and keeping his/her autonomy in life. However, in the presence of some dysfunction, early diagnosis and intervention can provide better quality of life for the patient and his/her family.

Versão abreviada do WISC-III: correlação entre QI estimado e QI total em crianças brasileiras

In order to calculate the correlation between the Estimated IQ and the Full Scale IQ of children submitted to the WISC III, four different data banks with a total of 207 children were integrated: (1) typically developing children, (2) children diagnosed as having Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, (3) children identified by private clinics as having learning disabilities (4) children with neurological sequelae diagnosed by a public university outpatient treatment program. Results suggest that the Estimated IQ, which is based on the weighted sum of the subtest scores of Cubes and Vocabulary, may be used in the presence of time constraints, when intellectual performance is important for screening in research procedures, and as a reference within a broader neuropsychological evaluation.