Oscar Hugo Tosquy-Valle

Detección de líneas de frijol negro con adaptación en el trópico húmedo del sureste de México

espanolEn el Programa de Mejoramiento de Frijol del Campo Experimental Cotaxtla del INIFAP, el metodo de mejoramiento por introduccion ha sido efectivo en la generacion de variedades para el tropico humedo del sureste de Mexico. De 2007 a 2010 se condujo un ensayo en cuatro ambientes de Veracruz y uno en Chiapas, con la finalidad de determinar la adaptacion de 14 lineas de frijol negro provenientes de la Escuela Agricola Panamericana de Zamorano y la Universidad de Puerto Rico, junto con las variedades Negro Tacana y Negro Jamapa, como testigos, para identificar las de mayor rendimiento y amplia adaptacion en esta region. El ensayo se establecio en diseno experimental bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. Se califico la reaccion de los genotipos a las enfermedades que ocurrieron en forma natural: mancha angular y virus del mosaico amarillo dorado del frijol, se contabilizo la mortandad de plantas por la incidencia de necrosis sistemica y se determino el rendimiento de grano. Cinco lineas se ubicaron en el grupo sobresaliente de rendimiento (p= 0.05), las cuales fueron estables en su comportamiento (bi= 1 y S2di= 0) y mostraron adaptabilidad a las condiciones ambientales en que se produce frijol en el tropico humedo de Veracruz y Chiapas. La linea X02-33-147-2 fue la mas productiva con 1 400.4 kg ha-1, cuyo rendimiento promedio fue significativamente superior al de las variedades Negro Tacana y Negro Jamapa (testigos regionales). La misma linea tambien mostro resistencia a la mancha angular y tolerancia al virus del mosaico amarillo dorado del frijol. EnglishIn the Bean Improvement Program of the Experimental Station from INIFAP in Cotaxtla, the breeding method by introduction has been effective generating varieties for the humid tropics of southern Mexico. From 2007 to 2010, a trial was conducted in four environments from Veracruz and one in Chiapas, in order to determine the adaptation of 14 black bean lines from the Escuela Agricola Panamericana de Zamorano and the University of Puerto Rico, along with varieties Black Tacana and Black Jamapa as control, to identify lines with highest yielding and widely adapted to this region. The trial was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. It was recorded genotype reaction to diseases that are present naturally on the environment: angular leaf spot and bean golden yellow mosaic virus, plant mortality was recorded by the incidence of systemic necrosis and grain yield was determined. Five lines were located in the outstanding yield group (p= 0.05), which were stable in their behavior (bi= 1 and S2di = 0) and showed adaptability to environmental conditions in which beans are produced in the humid tropics of Veracruz and Chiapas. The X02-33-147-2 line was the most productive with 1 400.4 kg ha-1; which average yield was significantly higher thanBlack Tacana and Black Jamapa (regional controls). The same line also showed resistance to angular leaf spot and tolerance to bean golden yellow mosaic virus.

Identificación de líneas recombinantes de frijol negro opaco resistentes a BCMV, BCMNV y BGYMV mediante marcadores moleculares

The opaque black bean from the Mesoamerican collection is consumed and produced in Mexico. To identify recombinant lines of opaque black bean resistant to bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), mosaic virus and common bean necrosis (BCMNV) and bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV), during 2015 and 2016 a collection of 70 genotypes that included 20 varieties and 50 recombinant lines (LR) was evaluated. The LRs derived from three different crosses: ‛Negro Papaloapan’/SEN-46, ‛Negro Citlali’/XRAV-187-3 and ‛Jamapa Plus’/XRAV-187-3. All genotypes were inoculated with the strains BCMNV NL-3 and BGYMV-MX, and were genotyped with the molecular markers SW13, ENM, SBD5 and SR2 linked to the resistance genes I, bc-3, bc12 and bgm-1. The 21 LR were identified with plants that had the genes bgm-1, I, or the combination I + bc-3 and broad-spectrum or specific resistance to BCMV, BCMNV and BGYMV. All the LRs had a high proportion of plants with the I gene. Six LRs derived from the cross ‛Negro Papaloapan’/SEN-46 and two from each of the crosses ‛Negro Citlali’/XRAV-187-3 and ‛Jamapa Plus’/XRAV-187-3 had between 8% and 92% of plants with the genetic combination I + bc-3 that confers resistance to BCMV and BCMNV. While the genes I and bgm-1, which confers resistance to BCMV and BGYMV, were detected in three LRs of the ‛Negro Papaloapan’/SEN-46 and four of ‛Negro Citlali’/XRAV-187-3 crosses. Four LR derived from the cross ‛Negro Papaloapan’/SEN-46: ‛Negro Papaloapan’/SEN 46-7-8, ‛Negro Papaloapan’/SEN-46-7-11, ‛Negro Papaloapan’/SEN-46-7 -12 and ‛Negro Papaloapan’/SEN-46-7-13 had plants with the I, bc-3 and bgm-1 genes that confers broad-spectrum resistance to BCMV, BCMNV and BGYMV. The heterogeneity of the LR in the proportion of plants with the resistance genes, highlights the need to implement selection strategies assisted by molecular markers to homogenize them, and develop opaque black bean varieties with resistance to three of the viruses that most affect bean production in Latin America.

Control químico de Echinochloa colona (L.) link resistente al propanil y Cyperus iria L. en arroz (Oryza sativa L.) de temporal en Tres Valles, Veracruz

En 2009 se realizo una investigacion en Tres Valles, Ver., para determinar la efectividad de nuevos herbicidas para controlar E. colona (L.) Link resistente al propanil y C. iria (L.) en el cultivo de arroz ( Oryza sativa L.) de temporal. Se evaluaron siete tratamientos en diseno experimental de blo ques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones; los tratamientos fueron: 1. Cihalofop-butilo (360 g ha -1 ), 2. Bispiribac-sodio (30 g ha -1 ), 3. Cihalofop-butilo + clomazone (315 + 480 g ha -1 1), 4. Bispiribac-sodio + clomazone (22 + 480 g ha -1 ), 5. Propanil + clomazone (2 160 + 480 g ha -1 ), 6. Propanil / propanil (3 600 / 3 600 g ha -1 ) y 7. Testigo enhierbado. Se evaluo el control de malezas y la toxicidad al arroz a los 15, 30 y 45 dias despues de la aplicacion de los tratamientos (DDA) y se determino la altura final y el rendimiento de grano de arroz. A los 45 DDA, los controles mas altos de E. colona se obtuvieron con cihalofop-butilo solo, cihalofop-butilo + clomazone y bispiribac-so dio. Estos mismos tratamientos y la mezcla de bispiribac-sodio + clomazone produjeron rendimientos de grano de entre 4.83 y 5.54 t ha -1 , superiores a los del resto de los tratamientos. La aplicacion de bispiribac-sodio solo y en mezcla con clomazone y cihalofop-butilo en mezcla con clomazone, o casiono toxicidad al cultivo de arroz menor a 4 %.