Otis W. Freeman

The Recession of Lyman Glacier Washington

The Lyman Glacier is the source of Railroad Creek, a tributary to Lake Chelan. Measurements begun in 1929 show that by 1940 the Lyman Glacier had retreated 643.5 feet, an average of 58.5 feet per year. Evidence is given that the glacier has receded a total distance of 1,748 feet during the last 40-50 years.

The Pacific Northwest pea industry

HE pea industry of the Pacific Northwest is one of the leading specialty crops. Dry peas are grown for seed and other purposes, and green peas, mostly of the sweet variety, are canned. In addition, fresh peas are sold in season for local consumption and increasing quantities are frozen for winter use. The raising of seed peas has been carried on for many years and the bulk of the pea seed of the nation comes from the Pacific Northwest. In contrast, the pea canning industry has been important for only a few years. Oddly enough, the Palouse region of eastern Washington and adjacent sections of Idaho raises peas only for seed, not for canning, yet for a generation has furnished a majority of the seed peas planted for canning. On the other hand, the Blue Mountain district now processes over one-fifth of the canned peas of the country yet raises little pea seed for sale.

Apple Industry of the Wenatchee Area

Oce SrNE apple out of every eight that compose the commercial apple crop of the United States comes from the Wenatchee-Okanogan area in north central Washington. This area averages nearly 17,000 car loads of apples annually f rom about 1,400,000 trees planted on 20,000 acres. The natural and human factors that unite to account for this remarkable record merit investigation. The agricultural Wenatchee valley extends from Columbia River to Leavenworth, a distance of about twenty-two miles between Wenatchee Range on the south and Entiat Range to the north. Along Wenatchee River only small intermittant flood plains exist. Above the stream, level gravel terraces have been developed and constitute the most important fruit land. In addition, man cultivates the gentler slopes of the hills and some upland surfaces that lie below the irrigation ditches. Including such areas Wenatchee valley developed for fruit generally ranges from one to two miles in width, and increases to about six miles along Columbia River at the city of Wenatchee. The Wenatchee area includes Wenatchee valley, East Wenatchee across the Columbia from the valley, Wenatchee Heights and Malaga districts south of Wenatchee, the Entiat-Orondo district about fifteen miles north of Wenatchee, and the Chelan district still farther away. The term Wenatchee-Okanogan area includes the districts mentioned plus Okanogan valley, apples of which are marketed with those from Wenatchee. In the WVenatchee area fruit, chiefly apples, comprises almost the entire income from the farms. A greater production of apples comes from this section than any other area of similiar size on earth.

Major Cities of Indiana

T HERE are 35 cities of over 10,000 population in Indiana and an analysis of the number, kind and value of sales of their retail, wholesale and manufacturing establishments forms the subject of this paper. All statistics are taken from the sixteenth census of the United States for 1940 and the wartime developments since that date are not included, primarily because statistics are not available.

Hop Industry of the Pacific Coast States

H _ _ ~OPS represent a very specialized agricultural industry. The bulk of the crop is produced by the never numerous, largescale producers. During the picking season even small-scale growers require very many workers, so that while the number of growers is limited, the hop industry has much importance as an employer of seasonal labor. The price of hops is peculiarly subject to extreme fluctuations. Partly this results from an overextension of the industry during times of high prices. Also markets are variable, depending on demand abroad and consumption by brewers within the United States. The acreage suitable for growing hops on the Pacific Coast could produce vastly more of the product than the market can consume. Such conditions require skillful management on the part of hop growers and only the most efficient can survive the competition.