Otto Lüderitz
University at Buffalo
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Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B | 1952
Otto Westphal; Otto Lüderitz; Fritz Bister
Es werden zwei einfache Verfahren zur Extraktion von Bakterien mit Phenol/Wasser angegeben. Nach Behandlung von gramnegativen Bakterien mit Phenol/Wasser-Emulsionen in der Kälte während weniger Minuten erhält man in der wäßrigen Phase die somatischen Glykoproteide der Bakterien (hauptsächlich 0-Antigene) in praktisch quantitativer Ausbeute. Nach Extraktion der Bakterien mit erwärmten, homogenen Phenol/Wasser-Mischungen und Trennen der Phasen in der Kälte finden sich in der wäßrigen Phase die proteinfreien Polysaccharide neben Nucleinsäuren. Einige chemische und immunologische Eigenschaften der nach den beiden Verfahren dargestellten Glykoproteide und Polysaccharide werden beschrieben.
Current topics in membranes and transport | 1982
Otto Lüderitz; Marina A. Freudenberg; Chris Galanos; Volker Lehmann; Ernst Th. Rietschel; Derek H. Shaw
Publisher Summary Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) form a large, unique class of macromolecules representing a characteristic attribute of gram-negative bacteria. Associated with proteins, they are located in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of the bacterial cell. In this exposed position on the cell surface, lipopolysaccharides are involved in the interaction of the cell with the environment. Thus, contact of the bacterium with the immune system leads to the stimulation of specific antibodies directed predominantly against determinant structures of the lipopolysaccharide. Hence, lipopolysaccharides represent the main surface antigens of gram-negative bacteria. The chapter describes general aspects of the O-specific chains and the core, and principles of their biosynthesis. The O-specific chains of lipopolysaccharides are made up of repeating units of identical oligosaccharides. These units usually contain different constituents, thus the O chain represents a heteropolysaccharide. The chapter discusses the structure of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides (lipid A), and its biosynthesis. Lipid As of other gram-negative bacteria, recently investigated is also described. The smallest lipid A substructure exhibits antigenicity, mitogenicity, lethal toxicity, (weak) pyrogenicity, and (weak) complement reactivity, but strong Limulus lysate activity. Some aspects of the biological properties of lipopolysaccharides are also discussed. In Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, cell wall components other than lipopolysaccharide may also be endowed with endotoxin-like activities. Like lipopolysaccharide, these constituents are amphipathic in nature (probably with the exception of murein, though it may contain lipoprotein). Thus, the studies indicate that at least some lipid A activities are not restricted to one specific structure, but are rather connected with general physicochemical properties.
Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1955
Erwin Neter; Otto Westphal; Otto Lüderitz
Summary 1. Sheep red blood cells treated with mixtures of purified enterobacterial (E. coli 08 or S. abortus equi) lipopolysaccharides and lecithin, cholesterol, or normal serum were not agglutinated by homologous bacterial antibodies. 2. Pretreatment of erythrocytes with lecithin but not with cholesterol or compatible normal serum had similar effects. 3. The antibody-neutralizing capacity of the lipopolysaccharide-inhibitor mixtures was identical with that of the lipopolysaccharides, as revealed by hemagglutination inhibition tests. 4. It is concluded that the inhibitors interfere with adsorption of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides by erythrocytes.
Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B | 1952
Otto Westphal; Otto Lüderitz; Erwin Eichenberger; Walter Keiderling
Aus Colibakterien (Stamm Kröger 0- Gruppe 8) wurde ein hochwirksames Pyrogen dargestellt. Die Bakterien wurden mit Phenol/Wasser extrahiert (Verfahren nach Westphal, Lüderitz u. Bister), die erhaltene wäßrige Lösung der Polysaccharid/ Nucleinsäure-Fraktion wurde zur Entfernung der Nucleinsäure mehrfach mit Äthanol fraktioniert; aus der so gewonnenen angereicherten Polysaccharid-Fraktion konnte durch Ultrazentrifugation das reine Pyrogen in einer Ausbeute von 1-2% der bakteriellen Trockensubstanz als Sediment abgetrennt werden. Es handelt sich um ein hochmolekulares, wasserlösliches Lipopolysaccharid, welches zu ~ 75% aus einer phosphorylierten (6-7% organisch gebundenes Phosphat) Polysaccharid-Komponente und zu 12-13% (Minimalwert) aus einer lipoidalen Komponente aufgebaut ist. Das Material ist frei von Protein-, Peptid- oder Aminosäure-Anteilen sowie von Nucleinsäure. Die pyrogene Grenzdosis nach intravenöser Injektion beim Kaninchen beträgt 0,002 μg, kg, beim Menschen 0,001 μg/kg. Es handelt sich um das bislang wirksamste Pyrogen, welches aus gramnegativen Bakterien isoliert werden konnte.
Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1961
E. Mihich; Otto Westphal; Otto Lüderitz; Erwin Neter
Summary The polysaccharide-free lipoid A component of E. coli 0111:B4 endotoxin produces hemorrhagic necrosis in sarcoma 180 of mice, but is somewhat less effective than the lipopolysaccharide from which it was derived. A trichloracetic acid extract obtained from S. aureus strain D was slightly more effective than the E. coli lipopolysaccharide on this tumor.
Archive | 1986
Otto Lüderitz; Chris Galanos; Ernst Th. Rietschel; Otto Westphal
Thirty years ago in 1954, we summarized our knowledge then of the chemistry and biology of endotoxins (73). At that time, the phenol/water extraction procedure had been established (74), and the extracts from a number of bacterial strains studied chemically and biologically. These investigations had led to the identification of the extracted products as the 0 antigens and endotoxins of these bacteria, resembling products isolated earlier by Boivin and Mesrobeanu (2), Morgan et al. (44), Goebel et al. (15), Shear et al. (62), and others. It had been recognized that endotoxins are composed of a polysaccharide component linked covalently to a lipid component, and thus were chemically lipopolysaccharides. The lipid had been termed lipid A (73) and found to contain D - glucosamine, phosphate, and long-chain fatty acids in ester and amide linkages. It had been shown that the linkage of the polysaccharide to lipid A could be cleaved by hydrolysis with dilute acetic or hydrochloric acid, leading to free water-soluble polysaccharide and free water-insoluble lipid A. Neither free polysaccharide nor free insoluble lipid A expressed endotoxic activities. Nevertheless, it has been anticipated that lipid A was the biologically active part and that activity would result from the binding of lipid A to the polysaccharide component, the latter functioning as a hydrophilic carrier for lipid A.
Experimental Biology and Medicine | 1957
Erwin Neter; E. Cohen; Otto Westphal; Otto Lüderitz; E. P. Hart
Summary A study on hemagglutination of red blood cells from alligator, axolotl, snake, fish, sheep, and man modified by crude enterobacterial antigens and E. coli lipopolysaccharide (5 μg/ml) revealed the following results. (1) Hemagglutination of antigen-modified erythrocytes from the above cold-blooded animals does not take place in the presence of homologous antibodies, either at 37, 22 or 4°C. (2) Under identical conditions hemagglutination is readily demonstrated with human and sheep red blood cells. (3) Trypsin treatment of alligator and axolotl cells either before or after modification results in hemagglutination upon addition of homologous bacterial antibodies. (4) It is concluded that trypsin removes an inhibitor interfering with the agglutination reaction per se and not with the attachment of the antigens to the red blood cells of alligator and axolotl.
Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B | 1952
Otto Lüderitz; Otto Westphal
Ein hochmolekulares pyrogenes Lipopolysaccharid aus Colibakterien (Stamm Kröger 0-Gruppe 8) wurde hinsichtlich seiner Zuckerbausteine vorwiegend mit Hilfe papierchromatographischer Methoden qualitativ und quantitativ analysiert. Zur quantitativen papierchromatographischen Bestimmung einzelner Zucker im Pyrogen-Hydrolysat diente die Reaktion mit Triphenyl-tetrazoliumchlorid (TTC). Das Colipyrogen besteht aus Rhamnose (38,6 ± 3,1%), Xylose (9,8 ±0,7%), Glucose (9,6 ±0,2%), Galaktose (2,5 ±0,7%) (Mittelwerte aus 5 Bestimmungen), N-Acetylhexosamin (7,1%) und Esterphosphat (~ 6,0%), zusammen 73,6±4,7%. Die quantitativen Daten beziehen sich auf Anhydrozucker. Der Rhamnose-Wert konnte unabhängig durch C-Methyl-Bestimmung gesichert werden und ergab 39,8 und 40,7%. - Von den übrigen 26% des Colipyrogens wurden 12-13% als Lipoid isoliert. Die bisher nicht erfaßten ~ 13% Restanteil zeigen an Hand der analytischen Daten die gleiche (berechnete) Zusammensetzung in bezug auf C-, H- und N-Werte wie das in Substanz isolierte Lipoid. - Demnach besteht das pyrogene Lipopolysaccharid zu 74% aus einer phosphorylierten Polysaccharid-Komponente und zu ~ 26% aus einer lipoidalen Komponente (von der bislang jedoch nur die Hälfte in Substanz erfaßt wurde). Das Pyrogen ist völlig frei von Protein-, Peptid- oder Aminosäureanteilen.
Bacterial Endotoxins#R##N#A Comprehensive Treatise I | 1971
Otto Lüderitz; Otto Westphal; Anne Marie Staub; Hiroshi Nikaido
Pediatrics | 1955
Erwin Neter; Otto Westphal; Otto Lüderitz; Rosalie M. Gino; Eugene A. Gorzynski