Ozcan Baris Citil

Determination of the seasonal changes on total fatty acid composition and ω3/ω6 ratios of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) muscle lipids in Beysehir Lake (Turkey).

The muscle lipid and fatty acid composition of carp, Cyprinus carpio in Beysehir Lake the largest freshwater lake in Turkey, was determined. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of carp, the most abundant fish species in Beysehir Lake, were found to be higher than those of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in spring, summer and autumn and also the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in spring and summer. Palmitic acid was the major SFA (14.6-16.6%) in all seasons. Oleic acid was identified as the major MUFA (15.1-20.3%). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the major PUFA in summer and winter, whereas linoleic acid (LA) was the major PUFA in spring and autumn. The percentages of total ω3 fatty acid were higher than those of total ω6 fatty acid in the fatty acid composition of carp in winter. It was shown that the fatty acid composition in the muscle of carp was significantly influenced by feeding period and seasons.

Effect of Season on Fatty Acid Composition and n‐3/n‐6 Ratios of Zander and Carp Muscle Lipids in Altinapa Dam Lake

In this study, seasonal variations on total fatty acid composition of carp, Cyprinus carpio, and zander, Sander lucioperca, muscle lipids in Altinapa Dam Lake were determined. Fish samples in 2 seasons (summer and winter) were obtained from Altinapa Dam Lake in Konya, Turkey. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be higher during the cold season than in the hot both in zander and carp. Whereas the Docosahexaenoic acid was high in zander both in summer and winter, in carp it was high only during wintertime. Zander contained more n-3 fatty acids during the cold season compared to carp. Especially, the n-3:n-6 ratios in zander were 3.89 and 3.84 in summer and winter, respectively. In conclusion, seasonal variations affected fatty acid composition of zander and carp in Altinapa Dam Lake.

A comparative study of the fatty-acid composition of Sesamum indicum oil obtained from different provinces in Turkey

0009-3130/11/4701-0098 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 1) Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey, fax: +903322410063, e-mail: ocitil@selcuk.edu.tr; 2) Technical Vocational School of Higher Education, Program of Medical Aromatic Plants, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey; 3) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 88–89, January–February, 2011. Original article submitted September 3, 2009. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Vol. 47, No. 1, March, 2011 [Russian original No. 1, January–February, 2011]

A comparative study on fatty-acid composition of salep obtained from some Orchidaceae species

0009-3130/11/4606-0943 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 1) Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disorders, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey, fax: +903322410063, e-mail: ocitil@selcuk.edu.tr; 2) Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Selcuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 804–806, November–December, 2010. Original article submitted June 2, 2009. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Vol. 46, No. 6, 2011

A comparative study of the fatty acid composition and lipid content of Salvia sclarea

Salvia sclarea L. genus comprises herbaceous, suffructicous, or shrubby perennials, rarely biennial or annual, often strongly aromatic plants. Approximately 900 common Salvia species have been recorded throughout the world. The plant grows mainly in mild and hot climates [1]. The genus Salvia belongs to the Nepetoideae subfamily of the family Lamiaceae. The family has been characterized by the occurrence of linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids in all parts and the whole plant [2]. Some members of this genus are important since they have antibacterial [3], antitumor [4], and antituberculosis activities [5]. Salvia is widespread in Turkey, especially in Central Anatolia. According to literature information, the fatty acid compositions of each part of Salvia have not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study is to determine the fatty acid compositions and 6/ 3 ratios of Salvia grown in Cumra, and to compare each part. Lipid contents for aerial parts and the whole plant are given in Table 1. The highest percentage of lipid content is 29.38% in seed and the lowest 6.26% in the whole plant. Goren et al. found that the percentage of oil content in the seed of approximately 25 Salvia species was 2.0–27.1% [6]. The fatty acid compositions of parts of Salvia are presented in Table 2. We identified 32 fatty acids for Salvia and evaluated their compositions for each part. The highest fatty acid ratios are as follows; linolenic acid 18:3 3 (52.03%) in seed, oleic acid 18:1 9 (22.25%) in seed, palmitic acid 16:0 (16.06%) in leaf, linoleic acid 18:2 6 (15.83%) in seed, and stearic acid 18:0 (9.07%) in the whole plant. Linolenic and palmitic acids are the most abundant unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in all parts, respectively. The total SFA (saturated fatty acid) composition of the studied species is between 8.60–28.36%, while the PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) composition is 53.41–68.97%. Palmitic acid is mostly found in leaf and is the major SFA, contributing approximately 41.07–72.56% to the total SFA content. The level of MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) depends on the level of oleic acid. The greatest proportion of oleic acid is found in seed oil. Azcan et al. found similar results for other Salvia species in seed [2]. EC reported that erucic acid 22:1 9 in vegetable oils must have a maximum value of 5.0% for human health [7]. In this study, erucic acid was found to be between 0.08 and 4.19% in all parts. The long-chain 3 and 6 fatty acids are commonly called PUFAs. Long-chain 3 PUFAs cannot be readily synthesized by the human body and are mostly obtained through the diet, and ratios of 3/ 6 are considered to be important [8–10]. Dyerberg noted that an increase in the ratio of 3/ 6 PUFA increased the availability of 3 PUFAs, which are beneficial for human health [11]. The lowest linoleic acid content (5.78%) is found to be in leaf. UFAs (unsaturated fatty acid) constitute a significant component 67.78–91.38% in all parts. Crop with a high ratio of UFAs is desirable for human nutrition [12]. In the report of HMSO, it was suggested that the minimum ratio of PUFA/SFA should be 0.45 [13]. In this study, this ratio is found to be a minimum of 1.88% in leaf. Nutritionists have suggested that 3 fatty acids should be present in higher amounts in human diet. Therefore, they reported that the 6/ 3 ratio had to be below 4.0 for human health [13]. In the present study, the 6/ 3 ratio is found to be a maximum of 0.49% in flower.

DETERMINATION OF CHEMOTAXONOMIC MARKER OF GRAPE SEED OIL OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRY IN TURKEY

Vitis vinifera L. (grapes) are considered to be the worlds largest fruit crops, with an approximate annual production of 68 million tons. Grape production is economically important in Turkey. According to recent statistical data, the total grapevine area in Turkey is 482.789 ha; the total fresh grape production is 3.918.440 tons; and crop yield is 8116.2 kg/ha 1. It is estimated that the production capacity of grape seeds annually is approximately 30.000 tons in Turkey [2]. Fifty kilograms of grape seed is needed to obtain a liter of cold pressed grape seed oil [3]. The type and quantity of fatty acids in the lipid molecule and the position and distribution of these fatty acids determine the chemical, physical, and functional properties. Recently, clinical and epidemiologic studies have shown that many chronic diseases are related to fatty acid type consumed [3]. Many species of Vitis were studied for especially volatile constituents. Some publications have referred to volatile compounds in Turkish endemic grape varieties [4, 5], but no reports have yet given the fatty acid composition of grape seed varieties. Therefore, in this study, the fatty acid composition of Narince, Kalecik Karasi, Okuzgozu and Bogazkere, Ak Uzum, Dokulgen, Hesap Ali, Eksi Kara, Kizil Uzum, Emir, Gok Uzum, and Kara Dimrit grape seed oil has been analyzed using GC. Additionally, this investigation was to determine nutritional values.

Fatty Acid Composition of the Muscle Lipids of Five Fish Species in Işıklı and Karacaören Dam Lake, Turkey

Total fatty acid composition of muscle lipids in some fish species (Cyprinus carpio (Işıklı Dam Lake), Tinca tinca (Işıklı Dam Lake), Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Işıklı Dam Lake), Cyprinus carpio (Karacaören Dam Lake), and Carassius carassius (Karacaören Dam Lake)) was determined by gas chromatography. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of Cyprinus carpio (Işıklı Dam Lake) were found higher than PUFA of other species. Palmitic acid was the highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) in Tinca tinca (24.64%). Oleic acid was the highest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFAs) in Cyprinus carpio (Işıklı Dam Lake) (19.25%). The most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in Scardinius erythrophthalmus was docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (17.94%). Total ω3 fatty acid composition was higher than the total ω6 fatty acids of Cyprinus carpio in both dam lakes. ω3/ω6 rates in Cyprinus carpio (Işıklı Dam Lake), Tinca tinca, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Cyprinus carpio (Karacaören), and Carassius carassius were 2.12, 1.19, 2.15, 2.87, and 2.82, respectively.